translation the thesis

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• > The Cambridge Handbook of Translation
• > Theories of Translation

Book contents

• The Cambridge Handbook of Translation
• Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics
• Copyright page
• Contributors
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• Part I The Nature of Translation
• 1 Theories of Translation
• 2 The Translation Process
• 3 Translation and Technology
• 4 Self-Translation
• 5 Translated Text
• Part II Translation in Society
• Part III Translation in Company
• Part IV Translation in Practice: Factual Genres
• Part V Translation in Practice: Arts
• Part VI Translation in History

1 - Theories of Translation

from Part I - The Nature of Translation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2022

Chapter 1 discusses the nature of theory, how theory can be applied, and the interaction among theories. The last issue is especially important for a discipline like translation studies, which interacts in a variety of ways with other disciplines, as Part III highlights. The chapter takes us from St Jerome in his study at the end of the fourth decade of the Christian Era, when he was commissioned by Pope Damasus to revise the existing Latin translation of the Old Testament, through early and towards contemporary theories of the translation endeavour, and towards the terminology that has been developed along the way, to pinpoint the discipline’s important concepts, considerations and approaches.

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• Theories of Translation
• By Jeremy Munday
• Edited by Kirsten Malmkjær , University of Leicester
• Book: The Cambridge Handbook of Translation
• Online publication: 10 March 2022
• Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108616119.002

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Metatranslation

DOI link for Metatranslation

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Metatranslation presents a selection of 14 key essays by leading theorist, Theo Hermans, covering a span of almost 40 years. The essays trace Hermans’ work and demonstrate how translation studies has evolved from the 1980s into the much more diverse and self-reflexive discipline it is today.

The book is divided into three main sections: the first section explores the status and central concerns of translation studies, including the growing interest in sociological, ideological and ethical approaches to translation; the second section investigates the key concepts of translation norms and of the translator’s presence, or positioning, in translated texts; the historical essays in the final section are concerned with both modern and early modern discourses on translation and with the use of translation as an instrument of war and propaganda.

This synthesis of the work of a highly influential pioneer in translation studies is essential reading for researchers, scholars and advanced students of translation studies, intercultural studies and comparative literature.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter | 12  pages, introduction, part 1 | 82  pages, chapter 1 | 20  pages, translation's other [1996], chapter 2 | 13  pages, paradoxes and aporias in translation and translation studies [2002], chapter 3 | 17  pages, translation, irritation and resonance [2007], chapter 4 | 16  pages, what is translation [2013], chapter 5 | 14  pages, untranslatability, entanglement and understanding [2019], part 2 | 86  pages, chapter 6 | 12  pages, translational norms and correct translations [1991], chapter 7 | 20  pages, translation and normativity [1998], chapter 8 | 21  pages, the translator's voice in translated narrative [1996], chapter 9 | 13  pages, the translator as evaluator [2010], chapter 10 | 18  pages, positioning translators, part 3 | 92  pages, chapter 11 | 27  pages, images of translation, chapter 12 | 22  pages, the task of the translator in the european renaissance, chapter 13 | 21  pages, miracles in translation, chapter 14 | 20  pages, schleiermacher [2019].

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How to translate foreign-language theses into English?

i found many papers and thesis written in different languages than English, mainly Portuguese and Chinese. is there an efficient way to benefit from these papers and thesis instead of translating them using Google translate.

• publications
• translations

3 Answers 3

If you have access to the digital copies, then dump the entire thing into Google translate so you can skim read it. Having done that, it would be a good idea to find a native speaker and get them to check the translation of specific sections that seem relevant on the basis of the automated translations. I wouldn't suggest asking a native speaker to translate the whole thing, or even read the automatically generated translation of the entire thing.

Another thing you could do is see if you can find other papers that cite the papers that you're looking at. One of them may contain a summary that'll tell you if you need to bother pursuing that particular paper. This will be pot luck though, and it will be a lot easier to just use Google translate.

Of course, don't use Google's translations in your work; get a native speaker to help you when it comes to that.

• It seems that Google translation has been improved quite a bit since last time I used it(a while ago). I just tested it using some articles in Chinese. The result is pretty much understandable. –  Nobody Commented Apr 22, 2014 at 13:18
• Yeah, this method isn't going to be great for complex things of course, but at least it'll let you know which sections you can completely ignore, and will let you get the gist of the paper. –  Jangari Commented Apr 22, 2014 at 23:03
• 1 Yes. Knowing a language yourself is better, so is hiring someone who does if you can do that, but life is too short to not use Google Translate. –  Colin McLarty Commented Feb 16, 2017 at 19:42

If you have some knowledge of the source language, you can use Linguee.com to find the best translation of a word out of documents which have been translated (EU commission's texts for instance). Thus, you'll have the word in all its possible contexts. This is very useful for legal or technical vocabulary.

A good working knowledge of languages is important for many fields of research. Google translate is good, but no substitute for actually being able to just read the article in the original. You don't need to know that many languages for most fields. I recommend that you pick up at least one research language other than English. Which one will be most useful will depend on your field and perhaps your specific topic. (My topic requires Latin, for instance.)

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MA Translation Studies

Extended translation projects.

• English Translation of a mini-anthology of texts from the Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin on the shared topic of marathon running , David Twyman

Dissertations

•  * Translation Types and Repetition: A Finnish Version of Psalm 49 Evaluated , Sirkku Carey
• * Strategies for Translating Idioms and Culturally-Bound Expressions Within the Human Development Genre , Noor Balfaqeeh
• * Acknowledging and establishing the hierarchy of expertise in translator-reviser scenarios as an aid to the process of revising translations ,  Spencer Allman
• * Upgrading Film Subtitling to the Level of Literary Translation , Alexandra Palmer 
• Norms in the Chinese translations of Adam Smith's 'The Wealth of Nations' (1776) , Lung Jan Chan
• A study on the narrator's voice in the chinese translation of A Room of One's Own , Law Tsz   Sang
• The Use of Translation as a Teaching Technique within the Context of Learning English as a Foreign Language in Greece by Elena Arkadi.
• A Theological Approach to Equivalence: Comparing Judeo-Christian Belief with Shinto/Buddhist Thought by Dianne Cook.
• The Translation of Culture-Specific Items: An Analysis of Helen Fielding’s ‘Bridget Jones’s Diary’ and its Greek Translation by Dimitra Panagioutou.
• Analysis of Agatha Christie’s The ABC Murders and its Greek Translation by Eleni Panagioutou
• Medical Interpreting: Serving the Needs of Linguistic Minority Groups in the City of Birmingham by Alexandra Roupakia.
• Translating Behaviour in the Late Qing Period: A Case Study of Lin Shu and His Translation of Robinson Crusoe by Chan Iut Va
• Investigating the Issue of Translation Policy in a Multicultural Urban Setting: Birmingham  by Dominika Brzezina.
• The Subtitling of Film and the Strategies used in the Translation of Humour: An Evaluative Overview by Anastasia Doulakaki.
• Comparison and Contrast of Two Greek Translations of Tennesse Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire by Fotini Sagmatapoulou.
• *Anthologies of Modern Greek Poetry Translated into English (1974-2000): What the Introductions Say by Anna Tsapoga.
• Winnie the Pooh's Most Grand Adventure and Its Multi-media Translations into Greek by Sotiroula Yiasemi.
• Translating Culture-Specific References: A Study on Lu HSun's " The True Story of Ah Q" and Its English Translation by Siu Mui Yim
• Assessing Acceptability of a Translated Linguistics Book , by Ida Dewi.
• The Representation of Gender in Shakespeare's King Lear. A Critical Analysis of the English Text and Three Greek Translations , by Dimitra Kouskoubekou.
• * Media and Translation: The Influence of Cultural Views on the Translation of Newsweek into Japanese , by Chie Otani.
• Translation and Media: A Comparative Analysis of Cosmopolitan and its Greek Translation , by George Papaioannou.
• Translation Issues and Cultural Diversity in English - Greek Specialist Magazines , by Chrysanthi Pelekou.
• A History of Early Translation into Japanese: How the Translations Made in the Meiji Era Contributed to the Modernization of Japan , by Atsuko Takano.
• Translation Strategies for Dealing with Cultural Issues in Two Kimiiru Bible Versions and the Theological Implications of the Translation , by John Ataya.
• Translating Humour. A Comparative Analysis between English and Greek , by Emmanouela Fanouraki.
• The Translation of Metaphors in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger by Alexandra Geka.
• The Art of Translating Poetry - A Focus on Processes , by Kiriaki Mela
• A Discussion on the Translation of Slang and Taboo Words in Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction , by Ioannis Melissopoulos.
• An Analysis of Cohesive Patterns in an English text and its Japanese Translation , by Miki Nakamura.
• Textual Issues in Translation. An Analysis of the Opening Section of a German Annual Report and its English Translation , by Konrad Schafer.
• News on the World Wide Web and Translation , by Man Yee Tai.
• Theme and Topic Translation: From English into Chinese , by Feng-Mei Chao.
• Intertextuality in Two of Cavafy's Poems and Their Translation into English , by Antigoni Kantrantzi.
• Transferring Dialect: An Analysis of Irvine Welsh's Trainspotting and its Greek Translation , by Eirini Koufaki.
• Information Selection and Cohesion: A Case Study of Thai Translations of English International News Broadcast on Channel 5 TV News , by Usana Larbprasertporn.
• European Parliamentary Debates: Interpersonal Choices and Translation , by Giovanna G. Marcelli.
• Gender and Translation. How Women are Represented in Language , by Yoshiko Shimizu.
• Translating Salina into English: Loss and Compensation , by Intan Safinaz Zainuddin.
• Across Culture - Taking the Translation of Food, Modes of Address and Animals as Examples in the Chinese version of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland , by Fu-Chi Chen.
• Training Interpreters: An Evaluation of USM Interpreting Courses , by Leelany Ayob.
• Wordplay in English and Italian. Written Adverts and the Implications for Translation , by Maria Antonietta Armao.
• Transferring Drama: A Study of Two Translations of Harold Pinter's Old Times into Greek , by Evangelia Chaidemenou.
• Cohesion: A Translation Perspective , by Adamantia Karali.
• The Role of the Court Interpreter , by Evan Nga-Shan Ng
• Transitivity and the Translation Process: An Examination of the Shifts that Occur in Translation from Italian to English , by Lorraine Quinn-Adriano.
• Loss and Compensation in Translation: An Analysis of a Japanese Text and Its Translations , by Tomoko Kudo.
• The Translations of Metaphors in Newspaper Articles (English <=> Greek) , by Dimitra Sorovou.
• The Translation of Address Forms from New Testament (Greek into Dobel) by John Hughes.
• A Study of Compensation: A Comparative Analysis of Two Spanish Translations of Ulysses , by Gema Echevarria.

English and Comparative Literary Studies

Ma in literary translation studies dissertation.

All students doing the MA in Literary Translation Studies Studies are required to complete a dissertation of approximately 16,000 words . The MA dissertation offers students the chance to undertake and complete one of two forms of sustained research project: either a) a dissertation of the more conventional variety, where the student undertakes research into an area of translation theory and practice and argues a thesis, supporting it with evidence or b) a literary translation accompanied by an extended piece of critical writing (a translation commentary).

The dissertation represents a substantial piece of work, and you should be aware of the fact that it will require significant input from you throughout the year. You should start thinking about the general area in which you would like to do your research from the beginning of the academic year and discuss it with the MALTS Convenor (and, where appropriate, with other members of staff) as soon as possible, since you will be expected to submit a dissertation proposal to the MALTS Convenor ([email protected]) by the end of Week 9 in Term 1. Students who opt to do a dissertation in the form of a literary translation accompanied by an extended commentary should begin to identify an appropriate source text or texts at an early stage. Depending on the language from which you work, source texts may be difficult to access; for this reason, you should plan ahead to allow time for delivery/access.

If the student opts for b) then the translation should be a minimum of 5000 and a maximum of 6000 words (which is approximately one-third of the total length of the dissertation), with the commentary constituting the bulk of the dissertation length at a minimum of 10,000 and a maximum of 11,000 words. Students who wish to translate poetry may agree a different weighting of translation and commentary with their supervisor(s). The translation should be into a language that can be read by the dissertation supervisor(s). This will normally mean that the translation will be into English. The student should include a copy of the source text as an appendix to the completed translation with commentary, clearly marking the appendix as such. Please note that the source text does not count towards the length of the dissertation.

There will be a compulsory workshop on the translation with commentary in Term 1. Please note that the commentary, for the purposes of the MALTS dissertation, is not a series of notes or annotations to a text, nor a chronological narrative of translating a text, rather it should do the following: contain an argument or a set of arguments that are illustrated by the translation; demonstrate the theoretically informed reflection that lies behind the creation of a translation product; address relevant issues of translation theory and practice. The link between the translation and the commentary, i.e. how far the translation bears out what is said in the commentary, will be central to the success of this piece of work. You should therefore select your source text or texts with a particular research focus in mind, rather than selecting a source text at random.

The document ' How to write a translation commentary ’ sets out the expectations for this type of dissertation.

Writing the dissertation proposal (Term 1)

Only projects deemed viable will be allowed to proceed, so it is important to get the proposal right. To be accepted, a proposal should • be intellectually viable; • be achievable within the stipulated time and word limit; • be feasible given the resources; • fall within the areas of expertise of members of academic staff.

See an example of a successful proposal for dissertation type a) and b). Proposals should be between 300 and 500 words in length and include an initial bibliography.

In addition, it is important that the content of your dissertation does not have a significant overlap with any of the essays you submit for your option modules.

To help you write a strong proposal, the English Department will be offering a series of workshops in the Autumn Term, and you will be expected to attend these. Time and place will be confirmed at the start of the academic year.

As you begin work on your proposal during Term 1, you will need to speak to members of academic staff with an interest in the area you wish to work in. All members of staff keep regular office hours during the term, and you should speak to several of them. It is your responsibility to seek them out. Use your contact with them to present and discuss your ideas. Listen to their advice and suggestions, read the books or articles they may point you to, and incorporate what is appropriate into your proposal. As you discuss your project, you will quickly pick up which aspects are worth pursuing and which are not. This is part of the research process. If you would like advice on whom to approach, speak to the MALTS Convenor. Remember when you submit your proposal to mention the names of staff with whom you have spoken.

You will be required to submit your proposal to the MALTS Convenor by the end of Week 9 in Term 1 , shortly before the winter holiday therefore. The MALTS Convenor will consider all applications and assign a supervisor for each successful proposal. You will be notified of decisions by the first week of Term 2. If your proposal has been declined, the MALTS Convenor will meet with you and explain the reasons for the decision, and provide advice and support on reworking the proposal into an acceptable one. It is expected that most proposals submitted by students who have attended all the workshops will be accepted.

Writing the dissertation progress report (Term 2)

Students must begin work on their dissertation research in Term 2. It can take time to work out exactly how to focus your project and decide on what you need to look at and read, so it’s important to start early. In Week 9 of Term 2 you must submit a Progress Report to the MALTS Convenor ([email protected]), copying in the Postgraduate Programmes Officer ([email protected]). The report consists of the following:

• Dissertation Progress Report form • title and chapter breakdown • an abstract of 1000 words • a bibliography.

Progress reports will be reviewed by the MALTS Convenor. If there are concerns about progress, the MALTS Convenor will contact you.

Research, writing and contact with your supervisor (Terms 2 and 3)

You can expect to meet with your supervisor for an initial supervision within the first two weeks of Term 2 and again in Week 8 or 9 shortly before submission of the dissertation progress report. You can also expect to meet with your supervisor three times in Term 3. Supervisions will generally be 45-60 minutes in length, although Term 2 supervisions may well be shorter than this. Your supervisor will read one rough draft of your dissertation, which must be sent by the end of Term 3. You are welcome to contact your supervisor by e-mail. As with all the department's staff, you can usually expect a supervisor to respond within about 3 working days (excluding weekends) if your query is straightforward. For more complex requests, supervisors will need more time to respond and you need to keep in mind that an e-mail exchange is no substitute for a face-to-face meeting. Face-to-face supervision of dissertations concludes at the end of term 3. Over the summer months of July and August, when staff undertake their own research activities, e-mail contact is at the supervisor's discretion and it will very likely take longer for them to respond to any message you send.

Submission (Summer)

The following reminders may be useful:

• You must be consistent in the style convention used (preferably either MLA, MHRA, Chicago or Harvard). Note that Harvard is the standard referencing style for scholarly work in Translation Studies.
• Footnotes/Endnotes are included in the final word count; the 'Bibliography' is not included in the final word count
• An abstract is not required in the final submission
• A margin of up to 10% over or under length is allowed, but dissertations that are between 10-24% over-length will incur a penalty of 3 marks
• Work that is more than 25% over-length will be refused

Thesis Translation: Why? How? When?

Why thesis editing and translation is something you need to think about now.

If you are a graduate student or a postdoctoral fellow at a university outside of the English-speaking world, chances are that you have spent some time thinking about when and whether to translate your research into English. In the humanities and the sciences alike, English is the dominant language of academic scholarship, and few would doubt that there are enormous advantages to producing journal articles and books in English. What younger scholars-in-training increasingly realize is that they also have good reasons to consider taking their first scholarly steps in English, even before their first academic article is published. Indeed, with wise use of thesis translation or thesis editing services, graduate students can get a head start in some very important ways.

Why produce a thesis in English?

Unlike a book or a journal article, a thesis or dissertation only officially needs to be accepted by your university department or your committee. This prevents some graduate students from ‘thinking big’ about the reach of their thesis or dissertation. Many universities outside of the English-speaking world offer the option of submitting a thesis in English, yet some graduate students don’t consider the option seriously. Here are a few reasons why it is worth doing so:

• Wider audience for your thesis itself: While a thesis is not officially a ‘publication’ in the way a book or journal article are, in the 21st century your thesis will be as widely accessible to scholars globally as many academic journals, through ProQuest and other electronic repositories. Scholars looking for the latest research in your field will be much more likely to find – and use – your work if it is available to them online in a language that they can read.
• Future applications: If you are writing an M.A. thesis, chances are that you are thinking about applying to doctoral programs. If you are finishing a doctoral dissertation, you might be thinking about post-doctoral fellowships. Whatever your next step, the application process is likely to require submission of a writing sample. If your best research is already in English, you will be able to use it as part of your application for most programs worldwide.
• Future publication: Of course, most young scholars aspire to eventually publish their research in book or article form. If your thesis is in English, you will have a much wider range of publishers and journals to choose from. And once you are published, your work will be accessible to a wider range of readers.

Thesis translation: How and When?

Convinced? If so, the next question is when and how to go about translating articles into English. There are three main options:

• Thesis Editing: write it in English, then get it edited . If you have good English, you might decide to write your thesis or dissertation in English from the outset. If your supervisor and department give their blessing, this option might be the most efficient. Once your work is completed, you can employ thesis editing services to ensure it has the highest level of polish and clarity.
• Thesis translation before submission . Perhaps you are most comfortable writing in your mother tongue, but still want the advantages of a thesis in English. If so, you can employ thesis translation services as you go along – perhaps on a chapter-by-chapter basis. If your university gives permission, you may be able to submit the English translation as the official version of your thesis.
• Translation after acceptance . Even if your thesis needs to be submitted to your university in another language, it is never too late to produce an English version. When translating an already-accepted thesis into English, you might choose to think about it already as a book manuscript draft (or drafts of a series of articles). In fact, you might even want to edit and alter the original version before sending it for translation, in order to tailor it to your desired publishing house or journals.

In short: A scholarly output in English can be of great benefit, even at the earliest stages of an academic career. And there are many ways to make it happen!

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Dissertation, Doctoral Project, and Thesis Information & Templates

Note: Forms required for the submission of theses and dissertations are available on the  Academic Forms  page.

Important Notes for Dissertation, Doctoral Project & Thesis Writers

• Information is available in Section IV.B.2 Research on Human Subjects of the  Graduate Bulletin   (from the  Resources and Policies page ).
• Additional information and forms are available on the   IRB website . Your IRB approval number must be included on the Thesis or Dissertation Proposal Form.
• Consult the  Guidelines for Dissertation, Doctoral Project and Thesis Writers  before beginning your thesis or dissertation.
• Download a template to assist with formatting your work. The templates are unlocked and can be edited (links to the template can be found in the “Submission Procedures” sections below).
• Check the Resources & Guidelines section of the ProQuest website for instructions on using the site. The Library has created a very informative series of  short videos  about the choices you must make on the ProQuest site.
• Additional information on copyright, publishing options and other topics is available on  Lauinger’s Scholarly Communication  website.
• More information about the requirements for dissertations, doctoral projects and theses can be found in the  Graduate Bulletin .

Submission of the Thesis, Doctoral Project or Dissertation

Information on the forms required leading up to a defense and also afterward appear on Submission of Thesis  and  Submission of Dissertation or Doctoral Project .

Download a Thesis / Doctoral Project / Dissertation Template

(for Master’s and Doctoral candidates) We recommend that you download a Thesis / Doctoral Project / Dissertation Template using Mozilla Firefox, Safari, or Google Chrome browsers. There are some reported issues for students trying to download using Internet Explorer. The download links are shown below:

• The combined  Master’s Thesis / Doctoral Project / Doctoral Dissertation Template  for MS-Word for Windows is available at: Thesis/Project/Dissertation Template-PC
• The  Master’s   Thesis Template  for Word for Mac is available at:  Thesis Template-MAC
• The  Doctoral Template  for Word for Mac is available at  Dissertation Template-MAC
• If you use the LaTeX markup language, you can download a ZIP file folder containing several template and style documents, as well as an extensive tutorial manual, at this link:  Thesis/Dissertation Template-LaTeX . An updated .sty file was uploaded in June 2020.

LaTeX users please note: These LaTeX template materials are provided for the use of those who are already proficient in the use of LaTeX. Neither the Graduate School nor the faculty who helped develop this template are able to provide support or training in the use of this specialty software.