Psychology Research Topics
So, if you're a college student with an interest in psychology, you're in for a treat! Psychology is like a treasure trove of topics just waiting for you to explore. Imagine diving into things like how we think, why we feel certain ways, or even how our surroundings affect our minds. In this article, we're going to walk you through research topics in psychology for college students that are perfect for college students like you. It's all about giving you a glimpse into the exciting world of psychological research and sparking your curiosity along the way. Ready to dive in? Let's go! Or, if you need help to write an essay , feel free to use our service right now.
Psychology Research Topics and Ideas for Your Paper
From exploring cognitive processes and emotional development to examining social dynamics and mental health interventions, these topics are designed to inspire you as a research paper writer with curiosity and ignite intellectual exploration.
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Where to Find Great Psychology Research Topics?
Our expert writers can brainstorm compelling ideas and even write brand-new papers!
Research Topics in Psychology for College Students
- The impact of social media on mental health.
- Factors influencing academic motivation in college students.
- The role of sleep quality in cognitive performance.
- Effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction.
- Gender differences in coping mechanisms for anxiety.
- The psychology of procrastination and its consequences.
- Relationship between personality traits and academic success.
- Influence of family dynamics on adolescent development.
- Effects of music on mood and productivity.
- Perception of body image and its relationship to self-esteem.
- The psychology of decision-making and risk-taking behaviors.
- Impact of peer pressure on substance use among college students.
- Cultural influences on perceptions of mental health.
- Factors affecting romantic relationship satisfaction.
- The psychology of resilience in overcoming adversity.
- Effects of exercise on mental health and well-being.
- Relationship between social support and mental health outcomes.
- Impact of technology use on attention span and cognitive abilities.
- The psychology of happiness and subjective well-being.
- Factors influencing career choice and job satisfaction.
- Effects of childhood trauma on adult mental health.
- The psychology of addiction and recovery.
- Relationship between personality and leadership styles.
- Effects of social isolation on mental health.
- Influence of parenting styles on child development.
Psychology Research Topics for High School Students
- The effects of social media on self-esteem among high school students.
- Bullying behavior and its impact on mental health.
- Factors influencing academic motivation and achievement.
- Gender differences in stress management strategies.
- The relationship between sleep quality and academic performance.
- Peer pressure and its effects on decision-making.
- Body image perception and its association with mental health.
- Coping mechanisms for dealing with exam stress.
- Influence of family dynamics on adolescent behavior.
- Effects of exercise on mood and well-being in teenagers.
- The psychology of adolescent friendships and peer groups.
- Impact of technology use on attention span and concentration.
- The role of mindfulness practices in stress reduction.
- Coping strategies for dealing with anxiety and depression.
- Factors contributing to teenage substance use and abuse.
- Perception of mental health and seeking help among teenagers.
- Effects of parental involvement on academic achievement.
- Influence of socioeconomic status on mental health in adolescence.
- The psychology of resilience and overcoming adversity.
- Effects of extracurricular activities on psychological well-being.
- Identity formation and self-discovery in adolescence.
- Impact of peer relationships on emotional development.
- Psychological effects of transitioning to high school.
- Strategies for promoting positive body image and self-confidence.
Social Psychology Research Topics
- Social media's impact on interpersonal relationships.
- Group dynamics and decision-making.
- Stereotypes and prejudice in society.
- Factors influencing bystander intervention.
- Advertising's use of social influence tactics.
- Psychology of attraction in relationships.
- Cooperation vs. competition in teams.
- Social support's effect on mental health.
- Cultural norms and behavior.
- Obedience to authority: Revisiting Milgram.
- Empathy's role in altruism.
- Social identity theory and intergroup conflict.
- Persuasion techniques and ethics.
- Strategies for reducing prejudice.
- Social comparison's effect on self-esteem.
- Leadership traits and behaviors.
- Heuristics and biases in decision-making.
- Causes and consequences of aggression.
- Online dating and interpersonal attraction.
- Cross-cultural perspectives on conformity.
- Bystander effect in cyberbullying.
- Socialization in childhood and adolescence.
- Social networks and health behaviors.
- Impact of social isolation on health.
- Gender roles and stereotypes.
Forensic Psychology Research Topics
- Psychological profiling in criminal investigations.
- Eyewitness testimony reliability.
- False confessions: Causes and prevention.
- Efficacy of risk assessment tools.
- Mental health treatment in justice.
- Trauma's impact in forensics.
- Juvenile offender rehabilitation.
- Psychopathy and violent behavior.
- Jury decision biases.
- Interrogation ethics and effectiveness.
- Offender rehab programs.
- Witness memory accuracy.
- Cultural competence in assessments.
- Psychiatric evaluations in trials.
- Victimology: Crime's impact.
- Mental health in prisons.
- Cyberpsychology in forensics.
- Investigative interviewing.
- Malingering detection.
- Theories of criminal behavior.
- Recidivism risk factors.
- Juvenile competency evaluations.
- Wrongful convictions: Causes.
- Psychological autopsy validity.
- Neuroimaging in forensics.
Cognitive Psychology Research Topics
- Memory recall accuracy factors.
- Selective attention and multitasking.
- How cognitive biases impact decision-making.
- Language acquisition in children.
- Problem-solving strategies.
- Working memory's role in learning.
- Mental imagery and visualization.
- Cognitive development in aging.
- Emotion regulation and control.
- Cognitive load theory in learning.
- Cognitive dissonance in beliefs.
- Spatial cognition navigation.
- Executive functions inhibition, shifting.
- Neural correlates of consciousness.
- Decision-making under uncertainty.
- Theory of mind understanding others.
- Cognitive rehabilitation after injury.
- Numerical cognition and arithmetic.
- Psychology of creativity creative thinking.
- ADHD cognitive and behavioral aspects.
- Episodic memory and future thinking.
- Implicit memory unconscious influences.
- Cognitive flexibility adaptability.
- Social judgment and decision-making.
- Cognitive neuroscience of consciousness.
Developmental Psychology Research Topics
- Attachment theory and parent-child relationships.
- Language acquisition in infancy.
- The role of play in development.
- Adolescent identity formation.
- Parenting styles and child development.
- Cognitive development in early childhood.
- Socioeconomic status and academic achievement.
- Early adversity and trauma effects.
- Gender identity development.
- Theory of mind in children.
- Cross-cultural child development.
- Peer relationships and socialization.
- Emotional regulation in adolescence.
- Motor development in infancy and childhood.
- The influence of technology on child development.
- Moral development and moral reasoning.
- Personality development across the lifespan.
- Resilience and protective factors in development.
- Attachment and romantic relationships in adulthood.
- Parent-child attachment and later relationships.
- Developmental disabilities and intervention strategies.
- Family dynamics and sibling relationships.
- Cultural influences on parenting practices.
- Educational interventions for children with learning disabilities.
- Longitudinal studies of development and aging.
Clinical Psychology Research Topics
- Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating anxiety disorders.
- The role of mindfulness-based interventions in depression management.
- Trauma-focused therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) recovery.
- Efficacy of pharmacological interventions in schizophrenia treatment.
- Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for chronic pain management.
- Psychological interventions for eating disorders: Efficacy and outcomes.
- Therapeutic alliance and its impact on treatment outcomes.
- Integrative approaches to treating personality disorders.
- Telepsychology: Effectiveness and accessibility in mental health care.
- Prevention and early intervention strategies for substance use disorders.
- Culturally competent assessment and treatment in diverse populations.
- Group therapy for social anxiety disorder: Effectiveness and mechanisms.
- Psychological factors in chronic illness management and adjustment.
- Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) for disruptive behavior disorders.
- Mind-body interventions for stress reduction and wellness promotion.
- Technology-assisted interventions for depression and anxiety.
- Relapse prevention strategies in addiction treatment.
- Therapeutic modalities for insomnia and sleep disorders.
- Family therapy approaches for adolescent mental health issues.
- Resilience-building interventions for trauma survivors.
- Effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobia treatment.
- Relational-cultural therapy: Applications and outcomes.
- The role of attachment theory in couple therapy.
- Stigma reduction strategies in mental health treatment.
- The integration of spirituality and psychotherapy in clinical practice.
Experimental Psychology Research Topics
- The effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance.
- Investigating the impact of music on mood and emotional states.
- Memory consolidation during different stages of sleep.
- The role of attention in visual perception and selective attention.
- Studying the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction.
- Exploring the phenomenon of false memories and their implications.
- Investigating the relationship between exercise and cognitive function.
- The effects of caffeine on reaction time and alertness.
- Studying the influence of priming on decision-making processes.
- Examining the psychology of decision-making under risk and uncertainty.
- Investigating the relationship between personality traits and creativity.
- The effects of color on mood and cognitive performance.
- Studying the psychology of persuasion and attitude change.
- Investigating the impact of social media on self-esteem and body image.
- Studying the effects of video game playing on cognitive skills and aggression.
- Investigating the psychology of humor and its effects on well-being.
- The role of working memory in problem-solving and decision-making.
- Investigating the psychology of motivation and goal-setting.
- The effects of stress on memory and cognitive function.
- Studying the psychology of addiction and reward processing.
- Investigating the psychology of learning and memory consolidation.
- The effects of sensory deprivation on perception and cognition.
- Studying the psychology of risk-taking behavior.
- Investigating the psychology of language processing and comprehension.
- Studying the effects of environmental factors on cognitive development.
Criminal Psychology Research Topics
- Early childhood experiences and criminal behavior.
- Mental illness and the criminal justice system.
- Juvenile delinquency and recidivism.
- Criminal interrogation techniques and outcomes.
- False confessions and wrongful convictions.
- Psychopathy and violent offenses.
- Serial killers: Psychological profiles.
- Hate crimes and extremist ideologies.
- Criminal sentencing and punishment factors.
- Criminal rehabilitation: Effectiveness.
- Cybercrime and online offending behavior.
- Personality disorders and criminal behavior.
- Criminal victimization and dynamics.
- Recidivism: Risk factors and interventions.
- Social and environmental influences on crime.
- Criminal decision-making processes.
- Substance abuse and criminal behavior.
- Criminal justice policy and reform.
- Witness testimony and identification accuracy.
- Forensic psychology in investigations.
- Criminal gangs and organized crime.
- Criminal profiling and offender typologies.
- Media influence on perceptions of crime.
- The psychology of jury decision-making.
Child Psychology Research Topics
- The impact of parental attachment on child development.
- Effects of divorce and parental separation on children's mental health.
- Early childhood education and its influence on cognitive development.
- The role of play therapy in treating childhood trauma.
- Effects of social media on children's socioemotional development.
- Gender identity development in childhood.
- Parenting styles and their effects on child behavior.
- The impact of sibling relationships on child development.
- Effects of screen time on cognitive and social development.
- Understanding and treating childhood anxiety disorders.
- Effects of bullying on children's psychological well-being.
- The role of genetics in child temperament and behavior.
- Effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on long-term health outcomes.
- Cross-cultural perspectives on child-rearing practices.
- The impact of early intervention programs on child development.
- Effects of socioeconomic status on academic achievement and cognitive development.
- Parent-child communication and its influence on child mental health.
- The role of temperament in child resilience and adaptation.
- Understanding and treating childhood depression.
- Effects of parental substance abuse on child development and well-being.
- The impact of technology on children's attention and behavior.
- Developmental milestones in language acquisition and communication.
- Effects of relocation and mobility on children's adjustment and well-being.
- Understanding and treating childhood trauma and PTSD.
- The role of peer relationships in child socialization and development.
Health Psychology Research Topics
- The impact of stress on physical health and well-being.
- Effects of social support on health outcomes.
- Psychological factors influencing pain perception and management.
- Health behaviors and their impact on chronic disease prevention.
- The role of personality in health-related behaviors and outcomes.
- Psychological predictors of adherence to medical treatment regimens.
- Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on health outcomes.
- Health disparities and the role of social determinants of health.
- Psychosocial factors influencing weight management and obesity.
- The psychology of addiction and substance abuse treatment.
- Effects of sleep quality and sleep disorders on health.
- Psychological interventions for chronic illness management.
- The impact of trauma on physical health and recovery.
- Health promotion strategies for behavior change and lifestyle modification.
- Psychological aspects of pain management in medical settings.
- The role of self-efficacy in health behavior change.
- Effects of social media on health-related attitudes and behaviors.
- Psychological factors influencing adherence to exercise programs.
- The psychology of eating behaviors and dietary habits.
- Effects of positive psychology interventions on health and well-being.
- The impact of stigma on mental health treatment-seeking behaviors.
- Psychological interventions for stress-related disorders such as PTSD.
- The role of resilience in coping with health challenges.
- Psychological factors influencing recovery from surgery and illness.
- The psychology of aging and successful aging strategies.
Educational Psychology Research Topics
- Teacher-student relationships and academic achievement.
- Classroom environment and student engagement.
- Self-regulated learning strategies in academics.
- Differentiated instruction.
- Technology integration and learning outcomes.
- Growth mindset: Resilience and learning.
- Student-centered vs. teacher-centered approaches.
- Feedback's impact on performance and motivation.
- Culturally responsive teaching.
- Educational assessment: Fairness and validity.
- Cooperative learning and social development.
- Parental involvement and academic outcomes.
- Metacognition in learning and problem-solving.
- Inclusion and special education programs.
- Creativity in education.
- Motivation and goal-setting strategies.
- Peer tutoring and collaboration.
- Classroom management and behavior.
- Teacher burnout and stress management.
- Standardized testing's impact on motivation.
- Early childhood education programs.
- Educational neuroscience and learning.
- Closing achievement gaps.
- Transfer of learning: Applying knowledge.
Sports Psychology Research Topics
- Peak performance factors in sports.
- Imagery and sports performance.
- Goal-setting and motivation in sports.
- Injury prevention and rehabilitation psychology.
- Self-confidence and athletic performance.
- Stress and anxiety in sports.
- Team cohesion and performance.
- Psychological skills training for athletes.
- Leadership in sports teams.
- Resilience in sports.
- Mindfulness and mental training.
- Aggression and competition in sports.
- Athlete identity development.
- Coaching behaviors and athlete performance.
- Injury recovery and return to play.
- Pre-performance routines and rituals.
- Personality traits and athlete success.
- Home advantage in sports.
- Crowd behavior and athlete performance.
- Doping psychology in sports.
- Parental involvement in youth sports.
- Decision-making under pressure.
- Gender and cultural factors in sports.
- Fatigue, sleep, and performance.
- Talent identification in sports.
Abnormal Psychology Research Topics
- Etiology and treatment of specific phobias.
- Childhood trauma and dissociative disorders.
- Genetics and schizophrenia.
- OCD: Cognitive-behavioral therapy.
- Psychological factors in eating disorders.
- Childhood adversity and BPD.
- Culture and depression.
- Neurobiology of anxiety disorders.
- Addiction psychology: Substance use disorders.
- Stigma and mental illness.
- Sleep disorders and mood disorders.
- Bipolar disorder: Psychoeducation.
- Social media and body dysmorphic disorder.
- Personality disorders: Diagnosis and treatment.
- Self-harm and suicidal behavior.
- Trauma and PTSD.
- Childhood abuse and ASPD.
- Cognitive deficits in ADHD.
- Hoarding disorder psychology.
- Early intervention in psychosis.
- Stress and GAD development.
- Neurodevelopmental disorders: Interventions.
- Attachment styles and personality disorders.
- Chronic illness and mental health.
- Delusions and hallucinations in schizophrenia.
Cultural Psychology Research Topics
- Cultural influences on perception and cognition.
- Acculturation's impact on mental health.
- Cultural differences in emotion regulation.
- Parenting styles and child development across cultures.
- Cross-cultural social identity and behavior.
- Culture's role in shaping personality and values.
- Globalization's effects on cultural identity.
- Cultural influences on moral decision-making.
- Intercultural communication and competence.
- Mental health stigma across cultures.
- Coping strategies and resilience variation.
- Culture and romantic relationships.
- Leadership styles in different cultures.
- Attitudes towards aging and elder care.
- Cultural stereotypes and biases.
- Mental illness perceptions across cultures.
- Culture and gender roles.
- Education and learning styles in diverse cultures.
- Health beliefs and behaviors variations.
- Multiculturalism and diversity psychology.
- Negotiation styles across cultures.
- Happiness and well-being in different cultures.
- Risk perception and behavior diversity.
- Religion and spirituality's cultural impact.
- Success and failure perceptions across cultures.
Haven’t Found Any Psychology Topics to Research?
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Tips for Writing Psychology Research Papers
Working on psychology research paper topics can be both challenging and rewarding. Here are some tips to help you along the way:
- Select a topic that genuinely interests you. This will make the research and writing process more engaging and enjoyable.
- Use reputable sources such as academic journals, books, and reputable websites to gather information on your topic. Ensure that your sources are current and relevant to your research question.
- Your thesis statement should clearly state the purpose of your paper and what you aim to prove or argue. It should be specific, concise, and focused.
- Outline the main points and sections of your paper before you start writing. This will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that your paper flows logically from one section to the next.
- Avoid using jargon or overly complex language. Aim for clarity and simplicity in your writing to ensure that your ideas are communicated effectively.
- Back up your claims with empirical evidence from credible sources. Make sure to cite your sources properly according to the formatting style required by your instructor or publication.
- Don’t just summarize the existing research; critically evaluate it. Identify strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in the literature, and explain how your research contributes to the existing knowledge base.
- If your research involves human participants or sensitive topics, be sure to address ethical considerations and obtain any necessary approvals from an institutional review board (IRB).
- Before submitting your paper, carefully proofread it for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Also, check for clarity, coherence, and consistency in your arguments and writing style.
- Learn what is a case study in psychology as is will be one of the most common sources of information to back up your research.
A well-chosen topic not only captivates the interest of both the writer and the reader but also lays the foundation for a robust research endeavor. It serves as the guiding force that shapes the direction of inquiry, influences the depth of analysis, and ultimately determines the impact of the research findings. Moreover, selecting an engaging topic fosters enthusiasm, creativity, and intellectual curiosity, thereby enhancing the quality and originality of the research. If you’re lagging behind the schedule, use psychology essay writing services to streamline your productivity.
What Are Some Research Topics in Psychology?
How to choose a psychology research topic, what is applied research in psychology.
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IResearchNet
Interpersonal Relationships Research Topics
In interpersonal relationships, two participants are interdependent, where the behavior of each affects the outcomes of the other. Additionally, the individuals interact with each other in a series of interactions that are interrelated and affect each other. Individuals form many different kinds of relationships with other people, some of which are intimate and close (e.g., parent–child, spouse–spouse, friendships) and others which are not intimate and close (e.g., neighbor, teacher–student). Most of the research on interpersonal relationships has focused on those relationships that are close, intimate, and have high interdependence. In an influential book, Kelley and colleagues (1983) define a close relationship as one that is strong, frequent, and with diverse interdependence that lasts over a considerable period of time. In sociology, although the classic distinction between primary and secondary relationships has been expanded in the public realm (fleeting, routinized, quasi-primary, and intimate secondary relationships), these close relationships (as described above) also can be categorized as primary groups, which provide support and nurture and socialize individuals to the norms of society. Read more about Interpersonal Relationships .
Interpersonal Relationships Research Topics:
- Close Relationships
- Communal Relationships
- Companionate Love
- Complementarity
- Dependence Regulation
- Empathic Accuracy
- Exchange Relationships
- Forgiveness
- Interpersonal Cognition
- Intimate Partner Violence
- Marital Satisfaction
- Matching Hypothesis
- Need to Belong
- Nonverbal Cues
- Propinquity
- Romantic Love
- Romantic Secrecy
- Sexual Desire
- Similarity-Attraction Effect
- Social Exclusion
- Social Support
- Social Value Orientation
- Transactive Memory
- Unrequited Love
Future Directions in Interpersonal Relationships Research
Return to Social Psychology Topics list.
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116 Relationships Research Topics & Essay Examples
📝 relationships research papers examples, 👍 good relationships essay topics to write about, 🏆 best relationships essay titles, 🎓 simple research topics about relationships, ❓ relationships research questions.
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11 social psychology research topics to explore in 2024
Last updated
6 March 2024
Reviewed by
Miroslav Damyanov
Short on time? Get an AI generated summary of this article instead
Since social psychology encompasses a wide range of subjects, it can be challenging to choose a topic for research .
Taking a specific path to follow your interests and learn more about available areas can narrow your focus to find the ideal research project .
Let’s take a look at current topics in social psychology to inspire your research.
- Understanding social psychology research
Psychologists conduct experiments to better understand how different environmental factors and the influence of other people shape feelings and behaviors.
Research projects explore various topics, from how a position of power can change behavior to the impact of positive social interactions.
Various research designs allow researchers to develop projects that range from observational to experimental.
What is an example of social psychology research?
Zimbardo randomly assigned college students the roles of prison guards or prisoners in a simulated prison environment. Despite knowing their roles were random, the guards exhibited increasing cruelty towards the prisoners.
Researchers halted the study after six days due to extreme psychological distress. It revealed the profound impact of social roles and situations on human behavior, highlighting how people can adopt negative behaviors when given authority, even in a controlled setting.
- How to choose social psychology research topics
Social psychology is a diverse, highly studied area of science, so developing a unique project on a relevant topic can be challenging.
When choosing a subject, begin by exploring your interests. After considering questions you'd like answers to and topics that intrigue you, narrow your scope. Explore specific areas of research, research designs, and subtopics.
Once you've narrowed down your choices, seek literature and past studies on the subject. Consider how past research can raise additional questions about the topic.
Develop your ideas by determining how to measure and test your research questions .
Once you have a firm plan for your project, talk to your instructor for advice and approval before launching your studies.
- Social psychology research topics
Social psychology has many nuances that influence human beliefs and behavior. Various elements of situations and relationships affect short- and long-term emotions and actions.
The major research areas in social psychology are an ideal starting point to investigate as part of a psychology research project.
These key focus areas within social psychology can be compelling psychology research topics:
1. Attitudes and attitude change
Research projects surrounding attitudes generally examine the components of attitudes and how they develop and can be changed.
The three components of attitude are affective, behavioral, and cognitive. They’re also known as the ABCs.
We form attitudes through a combination of upbringing, experience, and genetics. People can self-measure them in surveys or through researchers’ observations.
Attitudes can change due to influence and environmental factors. They hugely affect human behavior, making them an important research topic in social psychology.
2. Attachment and relationships
Social connections shape our lives from the earliest moments, taking various forms that significantly impact our well-being. These connections have numerous advantages, such as heightened happiness and satisfaction.
Social psychology explores these connections, examining diverse attachment styles to explain love, friendship, and attraction.
Research in this domain investigates the repercussions of poorly formed social bonds and seeks to answer questions about how relationships influence group behavior.
Additionally, studies in social psychology dissect the elements contributing to attraction, shedding light on the intricate dynamics that shape our social bonds and interactions.
3. Authority and leadership
As revealed in the Stanford Experiment, authority can directly affect behavior.
However, social psychology can further delve into the dynamics of people interacting with those in leadership roles.
Milgram's Obedience to Authority study exemplifies this exploration. Stanley Milgram wanted to investigate how easily authority figures could influence people to commit atrocities.
In this study, participants assumed the role of teachers administering electric shocks to learners for incorrect answers. 65% delivered 450 volts of electricity under the directive of an authority figure.
Research can consider the positive or negative elements of authority based on specific applications, settings, and environments.
For example, we might consider obedience to authority positive in the workplace or classroom.
Social psychology research about groups delves into how behavior changes in group settings.
Groups form for various reasons, and everything from leadership to group dynamics can impact how people behave. These behavioral changes can be beneficial or harmful.
Research into group behavior can focus on decision-making, internal conflicts, conflicts with other groups, how groups affect individual identities, and much more.
Studies can also investigate how positive group behaviors can influence someone.
5. Prejudice
Prejudice and discrimination take different forms, which people may not be aware of. The origin and consequences of prejudice present many topics of study for researchers.
Topics related to how prejudices form and why people maintain inaccurate stereotypes can uncover why people depend on stereotypes to make decisions.
Many studies focus on the effects of discrimination and how to reduce prejudice.
Research in this category can overlap with many other categories. For instance, group behavior and social influences can contribute to the formation of stereotypes and social categorization.
6. Self and social identity
Many elements form the human perception of self. How we perceive ourselves may be substantially different from the viewpoint of others.
Social psychologists are interested in learning how a person’s self-perception can influence factors like behavior and internal feelings like confidence.
Our concept of self derives from various sources, such as abilities, social comparisons, interactions with others, and status.
Researching how the perception of the inner self impacts social behaviors can unveil how social factors influence critical feelings like self-esteem.
7. Pro- and anti-social behavior
How people’s social surroundings impact the way they respond to certain situations is defined as pro- or anti-social behavior.
Positive and negative behaviors are based on accepted social norms. How someone responds during a specific event can reinforce or undermine those norms.
For example, helping a stranger is prosocial, while vandalism is antisocial behavior.
Studies have shown that prosocial behavior is contagious: Those who experience or observe it are more likely to help others.
Antisocial behavior can have a similar effect but in a negative direction. Observing seemingly harmless acts, like littering and graffiti, can weaken social norms. This potentially invites more dangerous antisocial behavior.
Researchers can elaborate on this knowledge to consider why people help others without considering personal costs. They can also dig into what deters someone from taking an action they know is "the right thing to do."
Exploring how society impacts positive and negative behaviors can shed light on ways to reduce negative behavior.
8. Social influence
Persuasion, peer pressure, obedience, and conformity are all forms of social influence. Like other areas of social psychology, these influences can be positive or negative.
One of the earliest studies on social influence was Soloman Asch’s Conformity Line Experiment .
Researchers put a participant in a test with seven conformists without knowing the conformists weren't true participants. Researchers asked them to compare the image of a target line with lines A, B, and C on another image.
Early in the experiment, all conformists answered correctly, followed by the participant, who was always last.
After a few rounds, the conformists began to provide wrong answers unanimously. On average, about a third of participants followed along with conformists to confirm clearly incorrect answers. 75% of participants confirmed at least one wrong answer.
The control group had no conformists. Less than 1% of participants gave the wrong answer.
Doctor and author Robert Cialdini takes the concept of influence further. He identified six universal principles of influence and persuasion to help people defend against dishonest influences.
His studies conclude that these influences can sway people:
Reciprocation: The feeling we should repay what someone has provided
Social proof: When unsure about a decision, we follow the actions of others
Liking: We generally agree with people we like and want them to agree with us
Authority: We are more likely to say yes to authority figures
Scarcity: We want more of what is less available
Commitment and consistency: Once we make a choice, we follow it with corresponding actions to justify the decision (even if we no longer believe in the choice)
Researchers can study how social influence guides the decision-making process and explore the positive and negative effects of conformity. Other experiments can explore the consequences of peer pressure and whether it can be beneficial.
9. Social cognition
In the most basic sense, cognition is the brain gathering and understanding knowledge through sensations, thoughts, and experiences. It allows us to make sense of new information.
Social cognition is how the brain processes information about individuals and groups of people. It includes the role of heuristics . These mental shortcuts enable us to function without constantly stopping to interpret everything in the environment.
Research under the umbrella of social cognition can explore first impressions, how appearance affects our judgment, and how social interactions affect behavior.
These studies can help psychologists understand how someone’s perception of social norms affects their self-image and behavior.
10. Violence and aggression
Exploration into violence and aggression attempts to better understand the factors and situations that cause aggression and how it impacts behaviors.
Several types of aggressive behavior exist, ranging from gossiping to physical violence. Studies in this area examine the different types of aggression and the variables contributing to aggressive behavior.
For instance, a pattern of aggression may relate to witnessing the behavior of a family member or traumatic experiences. Conversely, situational variables may trigger a single incidence of aggression.
A greater understanding of the role of social learning in aggressive behavior can lead to research about how social norms and public policy can decrease violent behavior.
Learning more about the variables contributing to aggression and violence means researchers can use new knowledge to work toward solutions.
11. Social representations
Social representations are a form of heuristics: a set of beliefs that make something unfamiliar easily understood. They allow people to apply specific bits of evidence-based data to individuals’ or groups’ actions to make ideas more familiar.
Researchers may study the role of social representations in making new psychological or scientific information accessible to the average person. Studies may explore how we make sense of new information and how people organize and separate facts for rapid learning.
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- Relationships
The Science of Intimate Relationships
Answering the big questions about relationships.
Posted April 30, 2013
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My mentor Professor Garth Fletcher has a new book out, co-written with three of the other smartest minds in relationships research. It's called The Science of Intimate Relationships , and is an essential read for budding relationships experts.
As a preview of what's in the book, I sat down with Garth to ask him six big questions about relationships science.
Alice: How big a deal is good communication in relationships?
Professor Fletcher: A very big deal indeed. That said, unpacking the nature of “good” communication is a major scientific challenge. What do you do, for example, if your partner, yet again, treats the floor as a closet or fails to pick up the bath mat. One popular model – the honest communication model – suggests that you should openly express your negative feelings, otherwise the problem will continue to simmer and corrode the relationship. Conversely, the equally popular good management model posits that regularly expressing your negative feelings and thoughts has corrosive effects on the relationship and you should perhaps stifle your negative feelings and learn to live with the problem, or drop some diplomatic hints.
After a lot of research, the general answer emerging – too messy and complex to sell many self-help books – is that the worst thing to do is to adopt one approach as an automatic default option. Instead the best communicators flexibly and intelligently alter their strategies depending on the context, the nature of the problem, their partner’s peccadilloes, and so forth.
For example, research by Nickola Overall at Auckland University suggests that being honest and direct (without indulging in character assignation) is effective in getting your partner to change his or her ways, whereas adopting a soft approach (dropping diplomatic hints about the bathmat) is likely to leave your partner blithely unaware of the problem or dismiss its importance.
Alice: Just how different are men and women when it comes to relationships?
Professor Fletcher: Arguments about sex differences often involve debates about evolutionary psychology . First, a tremendous amount of evidence has shown that men and women are different in some basic ways in relationships. Take three examples.
1. Men are more interested in casual sex than women.
2. Men are less focused on status and resources in selecting mates than women, and
3. Women are more expert and motivated relationship managers than men.
All these sex differences (found around the world) can be explained as a function of the differing levels of investment the sexes contribute to bearing and raising children (a theory developed by Robert Trivers in 1972 – termed parental investment theory – based on sexual selection theory proposed by Darwin).
However, two major caveats apply. First, I am talking about mean differences between the sexes; it turns out that the differences with each sex are almost always considerably greater than the differences between sexes.
Second, the behavior and attitudes of both men and women (and the magnitude of the associated sex differences) can change substantially as a function of the culture and the context. I will give two examples.
(a) When the number of men in a culture substantially exceeds the number of women, men become keener on long-term commitment.
(b) In speed dating studies, women are generally choosier than men – a lot choosier! However, women who are less attractive are less choosy (they decide to make further contact more often), especially when there are more attractive women in their speed-dating group.
Alice: Do we know what causes relationships to break-up?
Professor Fletcher: The short answer is yes.
For both dating and marital relationships, a bunch of socio-demographic factors are linked to higher levels of dissolution (e.g., low income, low religiosity , unemployment), some personality factors (e.g., being neurotic , attachment avoidance), and a slew of factors linked to the nature of the relationship (e.g., infidelity , violence, poor communication, negative attitudes to the partner, poor support).
If you enter a relationship with a deck already stacked for or against you, is the fate of your relationship already sealed? No.
Relationship interaction and communication have large effects over and above what individuals bring with them into a relationship. The figure bandied round the zeitgeist for the odds of marriages ending in divorce is 50%. Actually, the only countries that even approach this figure are Belgium and the USA, and the divorce rate in the US seems to have been coming down lately.
In other western countries like New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and the UK, the divorce rate is closer to 35%. I am constantly struck by the high proportion of marriages that go the course in modern, western settings, given the relatively recent introduction of no-fault legislation, the more relaxed norms concerning divorce, and the increasing economic independence of women. Humans are truly a pair-bonding species.
Alice: Attachment theory and ideas developed by John Bowlby have had a huge impact on relationship therapy and our understanding of romantic relationships . But do our childhood experiences really determine what happens in our adult relationships?
Professor Fletcher: Bowlby has had a huge impact on the field for sure, and it shows no signs of dissipating. I think one major reason is that Bowlby developed his theory by trolling though the scientific literature across many fields including computer science, ethology, evolutionary biology, and developmental psychology.
He was able to combine this with his own clinical experience to nail down some of the crucial features of the attachment system, with the help of Mary Ainsworth, (a student of Bowlby’s) who developed the famous lab-strange situation. In this set-up infants were left by their mothers briefly (in one condition with a stranger present) and their behavior was observed both in this situation and when their mother returned.
The big bang of adult attachment work was provided by Cindy Hazan and Phil Shaver in 1987, who reported that the percentages of people reporting being secure (56%) avoidant (25%) or anxious (19%) in their romantic relationships were similar those reported by Ainsworth in her observations of infants in the lab strange situation. Well over 1500 studies on adult attachment have been reported since 1987, so I won’t attempt a review here. However, let me give two bottom-line conclusions.
First, attachment styles formed in the first 2 years of life continue to have a life-long impact. Second, attachment styles are relatively stable, but are also exquisitely sensitive to relationship experiences. As a child or as an adult, relationship experiences (good or bad) can slowly shift people from secure to insecure attachment styles, and vice versa.
Alice: There is a lot of controversy about the role of evolution in the way romance and relationships work. What is your take on this?”
Professor Fletcher: Well, the controversy is probably played up in the media, but it is true that some if not many psychologists remain skeptical about the value of an evolutionary approach to intimate relationships. However, humans are the products of evolution, and the fulcrum of Darwinian evolution is sexual reproduction. Thus, it is hardly surprising that there is a tight connection between human nature and human mating and family life.
There is considerable evidence, for example, that romantic love between adults is an evolved device for producing the kind of powerful commitment required for parents to stay together for many years, thus facilitating the enormous investment required for the care, provisioning, teaching, and protection of offspring across the relatively stretched childhood and adolescence of modern humans. However, as I said before, an evolutionary approach only goes so far.
The powerful roles of culture and the interpersonal context also need to be taken into account. But these forces do not operate in some either/or fashion. Humans have evolved as cultural animals, born to be shaped and to learn from our cultural heritage. Moreover, the fact that culture and context bend behavior around does not negate the power of our evolutionary heritage. Indeed, there is considerable evidence that evolution builds in behavioral flexibility to many species, probably reaching its zenith in modern humans.
Alice: Where is the scientific study of romantic relationships going?
Professor Fletcher: The scientific study of romance and love really got going from about 1980 onwards. Evolutionary psychologists picked up from where Darwin left off, and started investigating mate selection in humans. Social and clinical psychologists started to intensely study interaction in intimate relationships, and adapted John Bowlby’s influential work on childhood attachment to study adult attachment in romantic relationships. Anthropologists increasingly began studying love, mating, and family life around the world. Neuroscientists began using brain imaging to study love and the brain. And, the study of human sexuality started to go well beyond Alfred Kinsey’s landmark studies in the 1950’s.
The problem is that scientists in these disciplines in the past pretty much worked in independent silos, publishing in their specialist journals and talking to one another at their own conferences. Fortunately this is now changing, with interdisciplinary work across scientific fields becoming more common. Our recent textbook ( The Science of Intimate Relationships ) exemplifies this trend, by integrating research and theories across scientific domains. One bottom line emerging from this book is that adopting an interdisciplinary approach to understanding how intimate relationships work provides a wonderfully unique window into our understanding of human nature.
Who should read The Science of Intimate Relationships?
- Anyone doing graduate or undergraduate research about relationships.
- Couples therapists who don't have a background in relationships research and want a crash course.
- Students who are taking a relationships science class.
- Anyone who wants a reliable introduction to what the science on intimate relationships really says.
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Alice Boyes, Ph.D., translates principles from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and social psychology into tips people can use in their everyday lives.
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