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PhD Candidate vs Student: What’s the Difference?

Many people use the terms “PhD student” and “PhD candidate” interchangeably. However, these terms actually mean something quite different, including a different status level at universities.

We’re here to define the differences between a PhD candidate vs student, as well as other essential information, before you continue your educational journey.

Table of Contents

What I s a PhD student?

A doctoral student is anyone who is enrolled in a doctorate degree, also referred to as a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program. PhD students are typically required to complete a certain number of course credits and sit qualifying exams. Next, they can move on to conduct research and present it in the form of a dissertation.

A PhD is centered around self-directed research and possibly teaching/running tutorials, but they typically also involve a substantial amount of coursework and require attending classes, either online or in person.

Unlike candidates, PhD students are in the process of completing the required coursework for the degree. They haven’t passed the relevant qualifying exams yet.

What Is a PhD Candidate?

A PhD candidate has completed the required coursework and passed the qualifying exams for their doctorate program. They are currently working on their dissertation.

Most PhD students need to go through an application process  and show they meet certain requirements such as a relevant master’s degree . To become a PhD candidate, doctoral students need to pass an internal application process, typically involving a set of exams.

This stage involves significant research usually in innovative areas and incorporating this into a dissertation (this stage is sometimes referred to as “all but dissertation” [ABD]), as they’ve completed all other aspects of the program and satisfied these requirements. To complete their doctoral journey, a PhD candidate must defend their dissertation. Once they’ve successfully done this, they will be awarded their degree and move from PhD candidate to doctor of their chosen field.

PhD Candidate vs Student: 6 Key Differences

There are a number of key differences between a PhD student vs PhD candidate, from their status to the structure and nature of study.

Note: Some universities have recently started adopting hybrid approaches (where there is no clear difference between PhD students and PhD candidates). These programs don’t involve any qualifying exams and students typically begin the dissertation as part of their coursework. Most schools, however, continue with the traditional distinction between a PhD candidate and PhD student.

1. Program Stage

A PhD student could be at any stage of the doctoral program . Coursework still needs to be completed and qualifying exams must be passed. Students may be in the initial stage of the program or about to complete the coursework (before beginning their research).

On the other hand, a PhD candidate has completed all coursework and has at least started their research. They may have completed their dissertation and are preparing to defend it.

2. Research Progress

A PhD student may not have selected their research topic or settled on a particular research question. A candidate’s research is in progress and they should already have a clear research question.

3. Relationship with Advisors

A PhD student may not yet have an advisor. A candidate has an established working relationship with their advisor and works closely with them to complete their research and dissertation.

4. Level of Support

Although they work closely with an advisor, a PhD candidate is generally expected to work more independently than a student enrolled in a doctoral student. Once candidates reach this stage of their doctorate, they typically won’t receive as much direction or supervision.

5. Flexibility and Structure

Understandably, PhD candidates have more freedom and flexibility in their work. Most candidates choose their area of research, as well as the methods used to conduct their work. As part of their coursework, PhD students usually have to work within a set structure (e.g., completing core subjects, meeting deadlines).

Being a PhD candidate comes with a certain degree of status. If they’ve demonstrated a degree of expertise through completing qualifying exams, candidates can put the letters PhD(c) after their name.

Tips for PhD Candidates

A PhD is an advanced degree designed to demonstrate expertise in a given field, as well as high-level skills and abilities in various areas (including research and writing). As such, earning a doctorate can be a challenging process.

The following tips for doctoral candidates will help you put your best foot forward and set yourself up for success.

Stay Organized

Because PhD candidates have to balance many competing priorities, organization is essential. Using organizational tools such as calendars,  note-taking apps , and project management software can help you keep track of deadlines and meet your targets.

Focus on Your Research

PhD candidates likely have busy schedules with plenty of demands (such as teaching commitments and crafting a dissertation). As it’s the backbone of any doctoral program, be sure to prioritize this part of your work and monitor progress to stay on track.

Actively Seek Out Feedback

Because PhD candidates often work independently, there’s a risk of feeling isolated. Ask your advisors, mentors, and fellow candidates for feedback and advice. This will help ensure that you’re considering all aspects of your research question and multiple solutions, rather than focusing too intensely on a single area.

Take Advantage of Networking Opportunities

Networking is one of the biggest benefits for PhD candidates, so take full advantage of these events. Use this time to build a strong network of professors, advisors, fellow candidates, and other professionals you meet at conferences and events.

Take Care of Yourself

A PhD program can be taxing, and it’s easy for your mental and physical health to take a backseat. Make sure you exercise, eat well, and get enough sleep . Remember: Resting and recharging is crucial for working on your dissertation.

How Long Is a Typical PhD Candidacy?

Most PhD students require 1-2 years to complete their coursework and pass their qualifying exams. However, the length of a PhD candidacy is much more open. In most cases, programs take between two and five years, depending on:

• the complexity of the field of research
• the candidate’s other commitments, such as teaching load
• other abilities, such as a candidate’s level of organization.

Once a PhD candidate has completed their dissertation, they have to defend it successfully before a panel of faculty members before they can earn their doctorate degree. This process of defending a PhD dissertation can take several months.

Some universities specify a maximum length for PhD candidacy duration. For example, Carnegie Mellon University limits this to six years .

Benefits of Being a PhD Candidate

Being a PhD candidate can be rewarding for several reasons:

1. Research Opportunities

You’ll be exposed to vast research opportunities in your field. You may contribute to valuable discoveries while developing advanced knowledge and skills.

2. Networking

Through your PhD candidacy, you’ll also be in a great position to build gain a stronger network of fellow professionals.

3. Critical Thinking

A PhD candidacy can help you develop high intellectual independence and critical thinking skills.

4. Career Opportunitie s

A PhD is an advanced degree that allows you to build a rewarding career in the academic, government, and private sectors. PhD-holders can also expect to earn more than other graduates and are most likely to find a job.

5. Salaries

According to Northeastern University , professionals with a doctorate degree earn an average annual salary of $99,290 on average (and much more for the highest-paid PhDs ) and have a 1.5% unemployment rate. For master’s degree holders, the average annual salary is $81,867 average annual salary and a 2.6% unemployment rate.

6. Personal Fulfillment

Being a PhD candidate can help you pursue your passions. This advanced qualification will allow you to become a specialist in your chosen field, allowing you to hone in on the exact subject thatl fulfills you the most.

Qualifying Exams to Become a PhD Candidate

While requirements vary by program, to become a PhD candidate, most students will need to pass a set of exams. These will test students’ knowledge in the field, measure their research skills, and ensure they’re ready to start their dissertation research.

Traditionally, qualifying exams for PhD candidates involved a written test and an oral exam. These will cover a range of topics related to your field of study, with the oral component designed to demonstrate your level of understanding.

Some universities have recently started to issue doctoral students with a set of questions and have them submit the answers within a set timeframe (usually around two weeks). Other schools ask prospective doctoral candidates to submit a dissertation proposal instead of an exam.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can a phd candidate be called a doctor.

In most cases, a doctoral candidate cannot be called a doctor until after they successfully defend their dissertation and receive their doctorate.

Can I Put ‘PhD Candidate’ after My Name?

Once you’ve passed qualifying exams and embarked on dissertation research, you’re technically entitled to put “PhD candidate” or “PhD (c)” after your name. However, this is uncommon and not always recommended. It is generally more acceptable to mention that you are pursuing a doctorate (along with the field of research and university) or that you expect to complete your PhD in a certain year (on your CV and online profiles).

How Long Can You Be a PhD Candidate?

There isn’t a set length of time that a person can be a PhD candidate. The length of candidacy depends on a range of factors, including the subject of research and program requirements. Most PhD candidates complete this phase in around 3-5 years (where some university programs have set limits).

Do PhD Students Take Classes?

Yes, most PhD students must take classes and complete coursework as part of the first 1-2 years of their doctorate program. Once they’ve completed this coursework and passed qualifying exams, they move on to work on their research dissertation. At this stage, they’ll be considered a PhD candidate.

Key Takeaways

Now that you know the differences between PhD candidates vs. students, you’ve got a deeper understanding of how to obtain a doctorate. However you slice it, both will help you build your knowledge and skills to become an expert in your field.

However the program is structured, a PhD is a highly valuable degree that allows you to become a high-level professional and build a successful career.

If you know a PhD candidate who’s celebrating their accomplishments soon? Take a look at this guide to the best PhD graduation gifts .

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Lisa Marlin

Lisa is a full-time writer specializing in career advice, further education, and personal development. She works from all over the world, and when not writing you'll find her hiking, practicing yoga, or enjoying a glass of Malbec.

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What is the Difference Between a PhD Candidate and a PhD Student?

Pursuing a doctoral degree is a significant academic achievement that requires years of dedicated study, research, and intellectual rigour. Within the realm of doctoral studies, the terms ‘PhD candidate’ and ‘PhD student’ are commonly used, often interchangeably. However, a closer examination reveals that there are nuanced differences between these two designations. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for both prospective doctoral students and those seeking to comprehend the various stages of the doctoral journey.

In this article, we delve into the disparity between a PhD candidate and a PhD student, shedding light on the roles, responsibilities, and progression associated with each stage. We explore the specific criteria that differentiate a student from a candidate and the various milestones marking the transition. Additionally, we delve into the responsibilities and expectations that accompany each designation, illuminating the unique experiences and commitments faced by PhD candidates and students.

Furthermore, we acknowledge the variability in terminology across international boundaries, academic institutions, and disciplinary fields, providing insights into how different contexts might influence the usage of these terms. By the end, readers will have a comprehensive understanding of the contrasting aspects between a PhD candidate and a PhD student, facilitating informed conversations and a deeper appreciation for the intricate nature of doctoral education.

Introduction

Who is a phd student, when phd student attains status of phd candidate, variation in terminology.

Pursuing a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) degree involves conducting original research in a specific field of study, making a significant contribution to knowledge, and demonstrating a high level of expertise. It is the highest academic qualification one can attain and is highly valued in academia, research institutions, and certain industries. A PhD signifies a deep understanding of a subject area, advanced analytical and critical thinking skills, and the ability to conduct independent research.

While the terms “PhD candidate” and “PhD student” are often used interchangeably, there are subtle differences between the two.

A PhD student typically refers to an individual who has been admitted to a doctoral program, actively engaging in coursework and other program requirements. They are in the early stages of their doctoral journey and are working towards completing the necessary academic components of their degree. On the other hand, a PhD candidate is typically someone who has progressed beyond the coursework stage and has advanced to the research phase of their program. They have usually completed comprehensive exams, passed a research proposal defense, and are actively engaged in independent research for their dissertation or thesis.

The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the distinction between a PhD candidate and a PhD student. By exploring the criteria, milestones, and responsibilities associated with each designation, this article aims to clarify the unique experiences and progression of doctoral students. It also seeks to address the varying terminology used across different contexts and disciplines, enabling readers to grasp the intricacies of the doctoral journey and fostering informed discussions around this topic.

Through this article, readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the journey from being a PhD student to becoming a PhD candidate and the distinct roles and responsibilities associated with each stage.

A PhD student is an individual who has been admitted to a doctoral program and is actively engaged in pursuing their doctoral studies. They are at the initial stages of their doctoral journey, seeking to expand their knowledge, skills, and expertise in a specific field of study. PhD students play a vital role in academic research communities as they contribute to the generation of new knowledge and the advancement of their discipline.

PhD students are required to complete a set of coursework specific to their field of study. These courses are designed to provide a foundation in the discipline, enhance research skills, and broaden the student’s understanding of relevant theories and methodologies. Coursework may include seminars, advanced classes, and specialized topics. The specific coursework requirements can vary between programs and disciplines.

Example: Imagine a student named Alex who has just been accepted into a doctoral program in psychology. At this stage, Alex is considered a PhD student as they begin taking relevant coursework, attending seminars, and collaborating with faculty members. They are laying the foundation for their research and acquiring the necessary knowledge in their field.

Who is a PhD Candidate?

Advancement from being a PhD student to a PhD candidate typically involves meeting specific requirements set by the doctoral program. These requirements may vary depending on the institution and field of study but often include successful completion of coursework, exams, and other program-specific milestones.

One of the primary requirements for transitioning to a PhD candidate is the successful completion of coursework and exams. PhD students are expected to complete a designated set of courses, which provide a broad understanding of their field and research methodologies. They are also required to pass comprehensive exams, which assess their comprehensive knowledge and understanding of their research area.

As part of the transition to becoming a PhD candidate, students typically prepare and defend a research proposal. The research proposal outlines the scope, objectives, methodology, and significance of the intended research. The proposal defense may involve presenting the proposal to a committee of faculty members, who evaluate its feasibility, rigour, and contribution to the field. Additionally, PhD students often have to pass comprehensive exams, which test their knowledge of their research area and related disciplines.

If you are not familiar with writing PhD proposal and making PhD proposal presentation, then visit my articles on “ How to Write PhD Proposal Presentation to the University ” and ” How to Make a PhD Proposal Presentation to the University Panel” . These articles will guide you through the process of preparation and presentation of PhD proposal to the University panel.

Upon successful completion of the requirements, PhD students are often granted candidacy status. Advancement to candidacy signifies that the student has demonstrated the necessary knowledge, skills, and potential to conduct independent research and contribute to their field. This status allows students to focus more exclusively on their research and dissertation work.

Once students become PhD candidates, there is a shift towards an increased emphasis on independent research. They are expected to dedicate a significant portion of their time and effort to conducting original research, collecting data, analyzing results, and making novel contributions to their field. The focus is primarily on their dissertation or thesis work, which serves as the culmination of their doctoral studies.

Example: Let’s consider a PhD student named Alex in the field of computer science. After completing their coursework and passing comprehensive exams, Alex develops a research proposal outlining their intention to investigate the applications of machine learning in cybersecurity. They present the proposal to a committee of faculty members, who assess the feasibility and potential impact of the research.

Alex successfully defends their research proposal and is granted candidacy status, transitioning from a PhD student to a PhD candidate. With candidacy status, Alex’s focus shifts towards conducting independent research. They spend considerable time collecting and analyzing cybersecurity datasets, developing and refining machine learning algorithms, and testing their effectiveness in detecting and preventing cyber threats.

As a PhD candidate, Alex works closely with their advisor, regularly discussing research progress, seeking guidance, and receiving feedback. They collaborate with other researchers in the field, attend conferences to present their findings and contribute to the scholarly community through publications. The focus is now on producing an original and significant contribution to the field of computer science through their dissertation.

The transition to PhD candidacy marks a critical stage in the doctoral journey, as it signifies the ability to independently drive research and make scholarly contributions. PhD candidates like Alex are immersed in the world of research, expanding knowledge, and pushing the boundaries of their field.

Terminology related to PhD candidates and PhD students can vary internationally and among different academic institutions. In some countries, the terms “PhD candidate” and “PhD student” may be used interchangeably, while in others, there may be specific distinctions. For example, in the United States, “PhD student” is commonly used, while in the United Kingdom, “PhD candidate” is more frequently employed. Additionally, different universities or institutions may have their own terminology preferences, which can create further variation.

Terminology can also vary based on the disciplinary field of study. Different academic disciplines have their own conventions and terminology for referring to individuals pursuing a doctoral degree. For instance, in the sciences, one might encounter terms like “graduate researcher” or “doctoral candidate.” In the humanities and social sciences, the terms “PhD candidate” and “PhD student” are often used. This variation reflects the specific linguistic and cultural norms within different academic domains.

In Canada, for instance, doctoral students are commonly referred to as “PhD candidates,” regardless of their stage in the program. In Australia, “PhD candidate” is the preferred term for those who have completed the required coursework and have advanced to the research phase. In contrast, in the United States, “PhD student” is frequently used to refer to individuals at all stages of their doctoral studies.

Disciplinary variations can also be observed. In engineering, individuals pursuing a doctoral degree are often referred to as “PhD students” or “doctoral students.” In contrast, in the field of education, the term “PhD candidate” is commonly used to denote those who have advanced to the research and dissertation stage.

It is important to note that these examples represent general trends, and there can still be variation within specific institutions and programs. The usage of terminology can evolve over time and may be influenced by regional or institutional preferences.

The distinction between a PhD candidate and a PhD student holds significant importance in the realm of doctoral education.

While these terms are often used interchangeably, they represent different stages and responsibilities within the doctoral journey. A PhD student is in the initial stages of their program, actively engaging in coursework, research, and academic requirements.

On the other hand, a PhD candidate has advanced beyond coursework, passed comprehensive exams, and is focused primarily on independent research and the completion of their dissertation.

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PhD Student vs. PhD Candidate

How I use gentle, digital nudges to stay current in the post-exams world

July 6, 2017 | Alison L.

Do you know the difference between a PhD student and a Ph.D. candidate?

A candidate is someone who has fulfilled all the requirements for the degree except the dissertation.

I’m a historian (see my earlier post about being a humanist at MIT ), so my path to candidacy differs a bit from other doctoral tracks at MIT. But whatever the discipline, the transition from student to candidate is an arduous process.

My department’s requirements involved: completing two years of coursework; demonstrating proficiency in a research language other than English; submitting at least one grant application; writing and revising a dissertation proposal that the dissertation committee must approve; and, most grueling of all, passing qualifying exams.

I became a candidate on November 24, 2015, after a weeklong examination period that involved three separate seven-hour written exam and a two-hour oral examination during which our committee members can grill us on anything they please.

I felt prepared for the written exams, which were open note, because I’d done nothing but read, take notes, and revise for the four months leading up to the exams.

But I lost sleep (at a time when I really couldn’t afford to be losing sleep) fretting about the oral exam. I shouldn’t have worried as much as I did. While there were a couple moments of panic—like when I blanked on the two ecozones separated by Wallace’s line—I survived “quals.”

So, what do you do once you become a candidate?

First, you take a break. I gave myself a little over a month to relax. I worked on lower-stakes projects, read fiction, attended departmental lectures, caught up with colleagues. I enjoyed the holidays at home in Chicago.

But once the New Year rolled around, a new sense of panic set in. Without the motivating pressure of exams to keep me working at a breakneck pace, how would I ever stay up-to-date in my fields? This anxiety, I’m willing to guess, is one shared by almost all academics.

While I’m actually more interested in how others have handled this pressure—comment away please!—I wanted to share a few tips I’ve picked up for keeping au courant .

1. Sign up for eTOCs That acronym stands for email Table of Contents alerts. Most journal publishers have a system that allows you to receive emails detailing the contents of their most recent releases. Sign up for a few of these and you’ll receive quarterly reminders that make it easier to stay on top of developments in the literature.

For some fields, it might not be necessary to read entire journals. In that case, pick some keywords and set up a bunch of Google Scholar alerts. Talk to your advisors and peers to see what works best in your discipline.

2. Make social media work for you Choose one social media platform and turn it into a research tool. My platform of choice is Twitter. You might be surprised by the number of scholars and professional associations that use social media. I rarely tweet myself, but I check Twitter at least once each day to find links to interesting articles, news about gatherings in my field, and to follow the work of scholars I admire. In addition to yielding worthwhile information, my Twitter sessions have the added benefit of tricking my brain into thinking it’s taking a break from work.

If you’re wondering how to curate your Twitter feed, first take a look at papers you’ve written for classes or published. See if the scholars that you cite in your own work are on Twitter and go from there. This is the most casual form of networking, but especially for introverts (like myself) these social media e-introductions facilitate in-person conference meetings, which can lead to future collaborations.

3. Listservs make life easier Most people at MIT know about the free food listserv. I’m not a member because I don’t need that kind of temptation in my life. Still, I’m a big fan of using listservs to join intellectual communities. In addition to the handful of MIT-based lists that tell me about upcoming lectures and workshops here on campus, I receive emails from communities at other Cambridge- and Boston-based schools. I’m also on a few listservs for universities in other cities. Even if I’m never able to attend those events, I know who is working on what where. If academia is about staying in the know, listservs help you do that.

I’ve written this from the perspective of a PhD candidate who needed gentle, digital nudges to stay current in the post-exams world, but I hope they prove useful for students, candidates, and beyond. Now comes the important question: What are your strategies for staying up-to-date?

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The difference between doctoral students and doctoral candidates

This article was updated on January 2, 2024.

By Brian Fairbanks

This article has been vetted by University of Phoenix's editorial advisory committee.  Read more about our editorial process.

This article has been reviewed by Hinrich Eylers, PhD, PE, MBA, Vice Provost for Academic Operations and Doctoral Studies

At a glance

• A doctoral degree , whether a PhD or a practitioner doctorate, is the highest academic achievement one can pursue at a university.
• A doctoral student is an individual who’s been accepted into a doctoral program and is working through classes and coursework. A doctoral candidate has completed the coursework portion of a doctoral program and is focused on writing a dissertation or equivalent project.
• Other doctoral programs include MDs, JDs, ODs, DCs and AudDs. Notably, many of these programs do not include a dissertation.
• Explore  online doctoral programs  in business, nursing, education and healthcare at University of Phoenix.

Many people who earn a doctoral degree will, at some point, be both a doctoral student and doctoral candidate. While these roles may seem mysterious from outside the (real or virtual) halls of academia, the distinction is fairly simple.

Before we cover the distinction, however, let’s get on the same page about doctoral degrees.

What is a doctoral degree?

In academia, one degree sits at the very top: the doctoral degree. Also referred to as a doctorate, a doctoral degree is the most advanced educational credential you can earn. Though some fields of study (like journalism) don’t have a doctoral degree, most typical academic fields do, as do the fields of health, medicine, law, education and business.

Doctoral programs can lead to a PhD in a variety of fields, such as literature, philosophy and history, or a practitioner doctorate in a field like business, health administration, nursing or education. Doctoral degrees involve years of intensive study, and many require a book-length dissertation. However, practitioner doctorates have different requirements and may not entail a dissertation.

Requirements of a doctoral program

Before graduate school, you must complete years of university courses, typically two degrees, before a program will consider admitting you. However, some programs have more lenient requirements than others.

Doctoral programs tend to be intentionally difficult and rigorous courses of study. As mentioned, there are several educational levels before a doctoral degree that both students and candidates will need to pass.

The requirements for a doctoral student include:

• Prerequisite degrees: Doctoral programs usually require that students obtain a bachelor’s and a master’s degree first.
• Required coursework: Each program requires different courses, but most will be in the student’s area of study, with some focused on adjacent or complementary subjects. Additionally, foundational coursework prepares students to learn about the research process.
• Qualifying exams: Typically, students must pass qualifying exams to enter doctoral programs, but not all programs require entrance exams.

If a dissertation is part of the doctoral program, the doctoral candidate must:

• Select a dissertation advisor or committee: During your time as a doctoral student, you will come into contact with many instructors. You will typically only interact with the instructors who are your dissertation advisor or on your dissertation committee. The committee is the audience for the doctoral candidate and ensures the candidate demonstrates command of the literature and methodologies relative to their field.
• Choose your dissertation topic: This is a pivotal point in your journey to earning a PhD or doctorate. Many programs ask for a general topic as part of your initial application. Your advisors will help you to create a specific and unique dissertation topic that will fuel your work over the next several years.
• Write the dissertation: Your dissertation or thesis will normally take a couple of years to write and will be a book-length culmination of your learning and research.
• Defend your dissertation or thesis: After you submit your final draft to your dissertation committee, you will need to orally present your work to the committee, answer questions and defend your work.

The requirements for a doctorate take many years to complete. While some people complete doctoral degrees in three to five years, others take seven to 10 years. The time span depends on your specific area of study, whether you take classes on a full-time or part-time schedule and how long it takes to complete your dissertation. This also includes your level of focus and intent.

Doctoral candidate vs. doctoral student

If you are interested in earning your doctorate, then it is important to understand the difference between being a doctoral candidate and a doctoral student.

What is a doctoral student?

A doctoral student is a person currently enrolled in a doctoral program at a university. Being a doctoral student involves completing a certain number of credits and coursework in an area of study and completing and passing several exams.

After students pass the qualifying exams (if the program requires it) and successfully complete required coursework, they become doctoral candidates.

What is a doctoral candidate?

A doctoral candidate leaves behind the structured learning schedule of a student. No longer does the candidate attend regular classes or take exams. Instead, they embark on a self-guided schedule for writing a dissertation. This culminates their studies and is tailored to their unique and individual areas of interest.

Doctoral candidates work closely with the advisors who make up their dissertation committee. The advisors provide guidance and critiques as the candidate writes a book-length dissertation. While the advisors can help along the way, what sets the candidate apart from the student is that, rather than simply learning what others have already discovered, they are conducting and writing about their own original, approved research — and then demonstrating what they’ve learned, as well as how it fits in the broader field of study or can be applied to tangible problems.

The meaning of candidacy in other doctoral programs

A PhD is not the only type of doctoral degree. There are also practitioner or professional doctorates, which may take the specific shape of medical doctorates, optometry doctorates, audiology doctorates, chiropractic doctorates, juris doctorates and others.

Such programs have their own conventions and terminology for various milestones. Some doctoral degrees, such as for law or medicine, focus on mastering the practice of a specific subject and the skills associated with that practice. As a result, terms such as candidate are not used universally among doctoral programs, and many of these programs do not include a dissertation.

PhD vs. practitioner doctorate

A PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy, is a doctoral degree that is focused on expanding and enriching an area of research. A PhD student typically focuses on developing new and original knowledge based on theory. 

In contrast, a practitioner doctorate prepares students for leadership roles in their desired profession by applying existing knowledge to solve problems in their field or community. The practitioner doctorate generally involves rigorous curriculum, culminating in a dissertation or applied project that addresses a particular real-world problem.

Requirements of a practitioner doctorate and many practitioner programs

The requirements of a particular practitioner doctorate will vary according to the institution and the field of study. This makes sense when you consider that practitioner doctorates vary from juris doctorates to doctors of physical therapy.

While there may be similar experiences involved in the course of study, such as residencies or internships, the requirements are unique to the specific degree.

Doctorates at University of Phoenix

While University of Phoenix (UOPX) does not have PhD programs, we do offer several online doctorates. Students might choose the UOPX programs because classes are flexible and offered online, and because of our unique “ Scholar-Practitioner-Leader model .”

Our doctoral programs are:

• Doctor of Business Administration — Gain the strategic vision and skills to position yourself as a business leader. This program teaches skills such as how to solve organizational problems, design and conduct research studies, introduce innovative business ideas to the industry and more.
• Doctor of Management — This program equips you with critical thinking skills to find creative solutions to complex problems, so you can bring out the best of your leadership skills.
• Doctor of Education — Learn how to use analytical, critical and innovative thinking to improve performance and solve complex problems in education.
• Doctor of Health Administration — If you’re a health professional who is seeking greater responsibility in shaping the future of the health sector, the Doctor of Health Administration can help you get there. You’ll study the challenges inherent to today’s healthcare landscape, including economic fluctuations, burgeoning patient needs and industry-changing legislation.
• Doctor of Nursing Practice — This program is designed for working nurses who require a doctorate for advanced practice or nurses who desire their terminal degree. It does not prepare students for professional certification or state licensure as a nurse or as an advanced practice nurse.

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PhD students and PhD candidates: Know the Difference

Phd students and phd candidates: know the difference feb 20, 2023.

Who is a PhD Student?

A PhD student refers to an individual who has registered for a doctoral degree program. These students, often known as learners, may complete their coursework on campus, online, or in both settings. Students must fulfil a minimum number of academic credits and pass prerequisite tests to enroll in a standard PhD program.

Also Read, FIVE THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW BEFORE YOU START A PHD

Once this phase is completed, the student progresses to the dissertation phase, which involves research, writing, and defense.

The distinction between a PhD student and a PhD candidate is that the former is still undertaking coursework and has not yet commenced the dissertation process or passed the qualifying exams, although they may be in the process of doing so.

PhD students' education is defined by a predetermined structure, which also sets forth their schedules.

Who is a PhD Candidate?

A person who has finished all the necessary coursework and passed their qualifying tests is considered a PhD candidate. Once this goal is met, the individual gains the unofficial status of all but the dissertation (ABD).

In general, PhD students eagerly anticipate the transition from PhD student to PhD candidate since it will provide them with the opportunity to focus on their original research and start writing their dissertation with the help of their committee advisors.

Know more about Dissertation and Thesis and what are the major differences between these two ,

PhD student vs Candidates: What Are the Main Differences?

The main distinction between a PhD candidate and a PhD student is that as a student, one is still engaged in course-related activities such as attending classes, writing tests and exams, and completing assignments. On the other hand, becoming a PhD candidate puts you one step closer to earning a doctoral degree and adding the title PhD to your name after passing the tests and writing your thesis . It is important to note that you have to be a student before you become a candidate .

While the differences between being a Ph.D. student and a Ph.D. candidate may appear slight, they carry a lot of weight. Transitioning to a Ph.D. candidate can feel like stepping into a new realm, with new demands and expectations. Despite having completed their coursework, many Ph.D. candidates choose to take self-directed study courses with faculty members whose research aligns with their own, as it can help guide their own research and even influence their dissertation.

If you're part of the PhD community or considering pursuing a doctorate degree, it's important to understand the distinction between being a PhD candidate and a PhD student. Knowing where you stand in your academic journey can help you make informed decisions and set realistic expectations. Keep learning and growing as a PhD researcher , and remember to seek guidance and support from your peers and advisors along the way.

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Phd candidate vs student, published by steve tippins on may 19, 2020 may 19, 2020.

Last Updated on: 2nd February 2024, 03:03 am

You make the transition from PhD student to PhD candidate after you complete all your coursework and your comprehensive exams (if required). A PhD candidate’s sole task is to conduct their research and write their dissertation. 

In other words, a PhD student is still completing their coursework. They could be on the first day of their PhD program. A PhD candidate has completed all of the requirements for their degree except their dissertation (yes, that’s the infamous “ all but dissertation ” status).

PhD candidacy means you’re a PhD in training. Now you’re ready to spread your wings a little–with some guidance.

Your time as a PhD candidate is your chance to demonstrate that you are ready to be an independent scholar. It’s also your chance to screw up and have that be okay–to have support. Your committee will help you. Since it’s the first time you’ll go through the process of creating and performing a study on your own, there’s no reason to believe you’ll be perfect at it.  That’s why the process is designed so that your committee can give you guidance.

But besides the simple definition above, what are the implications of being a PhD candidate vs student? Turns out, there are many important differences. Without keeping these in mind when you become a PhD candidate, it’s easy to spin out and get off track and not understand why. 

PhD Candidate vs Student: What Are the Differences?

While “PhD Student” and “PhD Candidate” are both steps on the journey to getting a PhD, there are significant differences between them. Here are some of the differences between PhD candidate vs student.

Lack of Structure

When you’re doing coursework, there is structure; there are assignments and deadlines. Of course, in graduate coursework teachers aren’t on top of you to turn in assignments like they would be in an undergraduate program. However, there is a deliverable (final project, test, etc) that you have to complete each quarter. You have things to complete by a certain time in order to move forward. 

Once you become a candidate, there’s no syllabus and there are no due dates. It’s completely up to you to move forward in the process.

Some people find it hard to make the transition to the lack of structure that comes with being a PhD candidate. 

Academic Writing

Academic writing skills become really important when writing your dissertation –more important even than they were during the coursework phase of graduate school. Academic writing is essentially a new language, with very specific meanings and requirements. 

For example, you can’t just say “people believe x or y,” you have to say who they are and how you know that, giving citations to back it up. Many words (like “significant”) have very specific meanings and can’t be used the way you might use them in speech. 

As a PhD student, your professors should be teaching this language to you, so that as a PhD candidate, it will come as second nature.

How Many People Do You Have to Keep Happy?

Here’s another difference between being a PhD student vs PhD candidate: as a PhD candidate, you reduce the number of people that you have to keep happy. 

As a student, you have to keep in mind the requirements from each professor teaching your classes, as well as matriculation requirements from the department, preferences and advice given by your advisor, and even the research interests of the people for whom you’re writing papers. 

Over 50% of doctoral candidates don’t finish their dissertations.

Once you become a candidate, it’s just your committee that you have to keep happy, meaning that those are the people who will hold you accountable and outline the requirements for completion of the degree. For that reason, you’ll want to choose your committee members with care.  

Hopefully, by the time you need to choose your committee, you’ll have encountered professors who are intrigued by your research interests and with whom you feel personally and professionally compatible.

Freedom to Choose

When you become a PhD candidate, you get to work on what you want to work on. You can pursue the topic that interests you instead of whatever goes with the course you’re in. It’s a time to really apply all those skills you were accumulating in the classes. For example, the statistical procedures you learned in stats classes and theories you learned in the courses for your discipline.

This is the stage of culmination, when everything you’ve learned becomes not the goal, but the foundation for your own body of work. It’s one of the exhilarating (and sometimes intimidating) parts of being a PhD candidate vs a student.

Expectations and Support

Faculty often use the “go wander in the woods” approach for PhD candidates. It’s essentially like hearing, “Go find things and come back to me when you’ve got something.” They’ll usually tell you when it’s not enough, but they might not give you much direction about what they’re looking for beyond that.

The reason for this is to encourage independent scholarship. They want you to have the opportunity to build your own case for why and how this topic should be studied.  But this first foray into academic independence can be quite a challenge.

When they tell you to “go wander in the woods,” they’re not even telling you what kind of tree to look for. Sometimes you get specific directions, but sometimes you get vague answers like “go look for more.” This can be frustrating. Many clients come to me because they need more direction, which is understandable.

In your coursework, you were often given studies to read or asked to find studies on particular topics that relate to the course topic.  Dissertation research is more nebulous.  Your committee members want you to decide which directions to go in and which kinds of studies best relate to your research questions.

They won’t be asking you for the “right answer.” They’ll be asking you, “Why? Justify what you did or plan to do.”

Here’s another difference between PhD candidate vs student: a PhD candidate can put “PhD(c)” after their name, indicating that they have achieved status as a PhD candidate. However, I suggest using caution with this designation. The APA has expressed concern that its use may be misleading to the general public and cause people to believe you have a PhD.

PhD Candidate vs Student: An Interview With a PhD(c)

Did you notice a change in how professors viewed you, once you moved from “student” to “candidate”?

Yes.  It actually happened during my comprehensive exams.  Before that, when I had been asked a question, the professor already knew the answer and was asking to see if I knew also. In my comprehensive exams, I had become the expert and my committee members were actually asking questions out of interest. 

We were all pieces of a puzzle at that point. Instead of them saying, “tell me about John Dewy’s influence on education in the 1920s,” they asked, “How do you think Dewey influenced the school system’s openness to parental involvement in schools?”  The professor who asked that was genuinely interested, because she was an expert in educational history but had not specifically studied parent involvement in schools, as I had. 

That moment represented a big shift for me; it meant that as a PhD candidate, I had to then take responsibility for my own learning, because nobody knew as much as I knew about that particular thing.

It’s exhilarating on one hand, because you suddenly realize you’re the expert. On the other hand, it’s scary because we’re used to somebody else knowing the answer, being able to correct us if we’re wrong.

A Narrowing of Scope

It sounds like your topic was centered on something very particular, so maybe not a lot of other people have studied what you want to study?

Yes, that’s true.  When you go through a PhD program your research area is pretty narrow. You start out with a general interest in something, but as you go through your classes, specific areas start to stand out.  

I started out with an interest in egalitarianism in public education, but my own past experience combined with some seminal texts to direct me toward parent involvement in schools, specifically.  Some books and articles showed me that how schools treat parents can be an indicator of egalitarianism, maybe a clearer one than any rhetoric about the students.

So, there’s this winnowing effect, as you move forward.  Your professors love to watch this, too.  Especially in the smaller, seminar classes, they seem to be waiting to see what makes your heart beat faster.

Speaking of your heart beating faster, is one distinction of the candidacy phase to have more passion about the work you’re doing?

I think that’s ideal, for sure.  It doesn’t always happen, because some professors are really after students who will jump onto their research platform, because they can piggyback on the students’ research to get more publications. Good committee chairs, though, will want you to find your own path toward something you can happily spend a lifetime studying.

I suspect that one of the reasons people don’t finish their dissertations is because they weren’t really passionate about the topic in the first place.  It’s only one possible reason, but it should give a doctoral student pause.  

It’s really hard to finish a PhD, so you want to knock down any barriers to finishing.  Being passionate about the topic will keep you going when things feel onerous.  It’s like marrying someone with a sense of humor — even when you’re not getting along very well, there’s something you can always appreciate about your spouse.

Imposter Syndrome

What about “ imposter syndrome ”?  Does that come into play when you become a candidate?

It sure did for me!  To be one of the only people who’s an expert in that field feels like a huge responsibility because people are depending on you. Your research has to be accurate because people will be making policies based on your conclusions.  

Even with good intentions, your conclusions can be erroneous, and there are plenty of historical examples of policies being made on the basis of erroneous conclusions.  The consequences can be enormous.  And that’s all on you! 

So then the questions become, “Am I really up to this?”  “Who am I to drive policy?”  “I’m just a fallible human being, so why would (or should) anyone listen to me?”  Especially right after comps, I was thinking, “How could I be the expert? Nothing really has changed about me; I’m still the same person.  Yesterday, I was a student, but today I’m an expert?” 

My observation is that this happens with women more than men, probably because women in authority positions are more often questioned than are men. But even for men, this seemingly sudden transformation can make you worry that you’re not qualified for the responsibility you’re being given.

The thing is, It’s not really as sudden as it seems. You’ve been studying something for, say, four years, so you have a claim to expertise. And you’ve been narrowing your interests all along the way, so you’ve been slowly building up your expertise.

Besides, in many good schools, you get warned a lot about how easy it is to make a mistake in research and how easy it is to make false conclusions. They beat that into you so much that it can become a constant doubt. 

In most primary and secondary schools, and sometimes even in college, they teach you to sit down, shut up, and learn something. For people to suddenly be saying, “tell me what you think,” can be challenging. I suspect that that’s another major reason people who finish their coursework don’t complete their dissertation: they’re not sufficiently prepared for this shift in roles.

Suggestions for PhD Candidates

Having been through this shift yourself, do you have any advice for students in this stage of their process?

Mostly, I think it’s a matter of taking personal responsibility and seeing yourself in a new light.  It helps me to consider this process as a transformation — like a caterpillar into a butterfly.  The “student” stage is the caterpillar stage, where you’re eating the milkweed, the knowledge, to nourish you.  

Then there comes a time when you’ve got to stop being a consumer and transform into a real researcher.  That’s like the metamorphosis stage when the caterpillar is in the chrysalis, melting down.  (And I have had plenty of meltdowns myself in this stage!)  That’s when you’re on your own, writing the dissertation.

That chrysalis stage is a real slog.  You try as hard as you can, and your proposal still gets rejected — twice.  Or the IRB wants you to structure the study differently, after your committee has already approved it.  Or you can’t get enough participants for your quantitative study or enough data for your qualitative study — whatever.  It’s the biggest challenge of most people’s life!

But if you stick with it, you actually do get this huge reward.  As a butterfly, or a PhD, you bring something unique to the world.  You have an important role in society that can potentially change the course of history — even if you don’t envision that in the beginning.

And that’s why the committee makes the process arduous.  They want to be sure you’re great at what you do, because there is potentially an awful lot riding on your shoulders.  I’m actually grateful for the rigor they demand.  I want to feel ready for the role I’m taking.

Ultimately, candidacy is time in the chrysalis.  It’s a time of transformation, built on one’s time as a student.  It’s a time in the dark and alone, which makes it challenging, for sure.  But I trust I’ll eventually emerge strong enough to spread my wings.

Steve Tippins

Steve Tippins, PhD, has thrived in academia for over thirty years. He continues to love teaching in addition to coaching recent PhD graduates as well as students writing their dissertations. Learn more about his dissertation coaching and career coaching services. Book a Free Consultation with Steve Tippins

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Phd candidate vs student: explaining the difference.

When looking to finish a doctorate, you will often come across 2 similar terms: “PhD candidate” and “PhD student.” To many people, these terms represent the same thing. However, academics and those who have passed through a doctorate program understand that there is a major difference between both terms.

As a fresh or aspiring PhD student, you must understand the difference between a doctoral student and a doctoral candidate. This article will seek to explain the PhD candidate meaning and explore the definitions of what it means to be a candidate and a student.

PhD student vs candidate

A PhD student is currently enrolled in a PhD program. The learning style for these students is hybrid, meaning that a student can learn either online, on-site, or both. Students who are enrolled in this type of program are often required to complete certain course credit loads and pass exams. The program involves a ton of research, dissertation work, academic writing, and defense.

A PhD candidate, on the other hand, is someone who has done all but completed and submitted a dissertation. It is the transition and progression phase from studentship to candidateship. This title or tag is earned when a student completes all coursework and passes all examinations required by the university. Having explained this, the highlight of their variance lies in the completion of the required coursework.

Distinctions between a PhD candidate vs PhD student

To better understand the differences between these two groups of people, their variances will be highlighted and explained below.

A common question often asked is: do PhD students take classes? The obvious answer to this is yes, they do. The structure of assignments, deadlines and coursework differs for a PhD student and a candidate. There is a lack of structure for a PhD candidate. You are free from following deadlines or syllabi. The progress of your dissertation is completely at your pace. Whereas, as a PhD student, you are guided by deadlines and an academic structure that you must meet to complete your doctoral program. 

• Academic writing

The amount of academic writing required of you as a PhD candidate would be far greater than that required of you as a student. Remember that your dissertation alone carries the bulk of your candidateship, and this consists of about three hundred pages’ worth of research work.

• Academic circle

Your academic circle reduces when you become a PhD candidate. The number of people you will need to academically communicate with will also decrease. The reason for this is that as a student, you must meet all of your professors’, departments, colleges, and advisors’ requirements. But, as a candidate, your academic circle revolves around your committee.

As a candidate, you have the freedom to decide your topic, theme, and research style. It is a time for you to implement and showcase the practical and theoretical processes that you learned as a student. A PhD student does not have this privilege; instead, all topics are chosen by the professor.

A candidate does not receive as much support as is required, although so much more is expected of them. For instance, a student would be given tasks to work on with the objective in mind. But a candidate would be left to independently find an objective and work towards it. 

A PhD candidate can put the PhD title before their names, but a student cannot. However, this practice is not entirely encouraged as it might mislead the public into thinking you already have a doctorate degree.  

While the above clearly differentiates between a PhD student and a PhD candidate, there is a minor confusion between a researcher, candidate, and a student in doctoral programs. While the terms PhD candidate and PhD student differ, a doctoral researcher is a term used to describe “all” students who are pursuing PhD degree in any university.

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Ph.D. Student vs. Ph.D. Candidate: The Differences

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Are you ready to become a Ph.D Candidate? An advanced academic or professional degree, Ph.D. is short for Doctor of Philosophy. It is a postgraduate degree awarded by accredited universities and higher education institutions after completing all of the degree requirements.

A Ph.D. degree or a doctorate or doctoral degree is globally recognized as the highest level of academic degree and presupposes the completion of an original dissertation or research.

A traditional doctorate follows a three- to four-year degree, but some institutions offer opportunities to fast-track the degree, subject to stringent requirements.

After completing your proposal, you need to impress a panel of experts in an oral defense to prove the necessity of your research. When you have defended your thesis successfully, you can move forward with writing your dissertation.

Let’s set the record straight as we define what a Ph.D. student and a Ph.D. candidate is, and find out their similarities and differences! Use these quick links to easily navigate the questions:

Why pursue a Ph.D.?

Will a ph.d. degree give me an advantage career-wise, i am not a professor nor an instructor, should i still get a ph.d., what are the basic requirements for one to become a ph.d. student, who is a ph.d. student, how long does it take for a ph.d. student to qualify as a ph.d. candidate, do i need to write a full dissertation as a ph.d. student, what are the requirements that i need to comply with for me to become a ph.d. candidate, who is a ph.d. candidate, what must i do after qualifying as a ph.d. candidate, can i now include a ph.d. in my credentials, how long does it take to finish my ph.d., i am a working professional. is there a ph.d. program designed for me, can i complete my ph.d. degree fully online.

If you are a working professional who’s in college or a typical college student thinking of advancing your academic credentials, pursuing a Ph.D. may be a wise choice!

Among the many reasons why students pursue a Ph.D. is for long-term degree goals, which ultimately lead to a career in academia. A Ph.D. is considered an essential qualification for anyone who intends to teach in the university as an instructor or professor.

While those who wish to engage in research, throughout your Ph.D., you will be allowed to conduct your research. You can make important discoveries that will bring a positive impact within your field.

Based on the data posted by the McKinsey Global Institute , we face a shortage of scientists in the world. As the global economy moves toward a more innovative approach, demand for Ph.D. degree holders will increase significantly. Most importantly, once you decide to enroll in a Ph.D. program, you will gain unparalleled analytical and research skills that will become your footstool as you move up in your career ladder.

Yes, having a Ph.D. will give you a competitive advantage . Once you complete your Ph.D. degree, you will become part of the rare commodity of people who holds an advanced degree.

The U.S. Census Bureau discloses that in 2019, only 4.5% of the American population completed a doctorate. With these statistics in mind, you will have a more competitive academic credential than 95.5% of the country.

It is worth noting that since the year 2000, this percentage has doubled. Now, it is estimated that 13.1% of American adults have obtained an advanced degree. This is a drastic increase from only 8.6% in 2000, which translates to 4.5 million Ph.D. degree holders in the United States. 

Having a doctorate has a significant advantage. Doctorate holders are capable of generating new data and information that fills the gap in the body of knowledge in the field. Being trained professionals who are highly skilled in critical thinking, decision-making, and complex problem-solving are the top three skills that separate a Ph.D. degree holder from other professionals.

The Bureau of Labor and Statistics discloses that Ph.D. degree holders receive higher earnings and lower unemployment rates than bachelor’s or master’s degree holders.

Academia is a glorious field, but the belief that a Ph.D. only prepares you for academia is a myth . Professors and instructors play an equally important role in the lives of their students as they charge towards achieving their academic goals.

If you want to earn tenure as a professor in a top-tier college or university, having a Ph.D. will significantly increase your odds of securing a position. However, even if you are not a member of academia, pursuing a Ph.D. degree is still a great investment that you should seriously consider.

If you have a passion for research, you can choose to become a scholar, if not a professor. Research is central to the pursuit of an advanced degree, especially a Ph.D. Doctorate holders who do not teach in a university or higher education institutions can focus on doing research. Researchers publish peer-reviewed papers that reach students, professors, and fellow researchers who share the same interest in their specific field.

Choosing a research-focused career over a tenured teaching job allows you to pursue intellectual interests outside the academe. With a chance to apply and win research grants, you will have the resources to do extraordinary things in your field.

Admission requirements may differ from one institution to another. Your admission to any of the Ph.D. programs will depend on your academic records, both at the bachelor’s and master’s levels. Most importantly, the admissions officer will evaluate your potential research capabilities. 

In the United States, universities and higher academic institutions require that applicants hold an honors degree or a master’s degree equivalent. Aside from this, having high academic standing will increase your chances of getting into the top research institutions in the country.

The admissions office will also assess an applicant’s bachelor’s degree, and graduating at the top of your class will also boost your chances. But some institutions assess applications solely based on your master’s degree academic record. 

Funding for your research may also be a deciding factor on your admission. If you depend on study or  research grants  and loans, you need to have an exceptional academic track record to impress the admission office. But, if you are self-funded, you may have a competitive advantage over other applicants who are dependent on grants.

You also need to find a tenured professor to serve as your advisor while you complete your Ph.D. before your chosen institution may admit you to the program. 

Below are the standard requirements for admission:

• Transcript of records of both your undergraduate and graduate degrees
• Resume or curriculum vitae
• Recent Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) or Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) scores
• Letters of recommendation from your peers and mentors
• Statement of purpose

After successfully complying with the admission requirements of the Ph.D. program, you are now officially a Ph.D. student. You will begin your academic journey towards completing a three- or four-year research program. Postgraduate academic institutions serve as fertile research environments that breed future scientists and experts in different fields of study.

Ph.D. students are introduced to the world of independent research. Students study under the close supervision of an academic supervisor or advisor who has a tenured position as an associate professor or higher. As Ph.D. students, collaboration with your advisor is central to developing a valuable addition to the pool of literature in a given subject.

While in graduate school, your main focus is authoring original research, which involves data analysis and evaluation. Depending on your program and department, you may be given the leeway to formulate your area for your research.

However, there are Ph.D. programs that present their students with a selection of research proposals for you to choose from. These proposals are often formulated and peer-reviewed by program supervisors.

You can complete your proposal at a certain term, or year-round, depending on your university or academic institution. Ph.D. students are required to submit a statement or a proposal to be submitted at the end of the term. This will usually take up the first two years of your journey towards your doctor of philosophy degree.

Writing original research is, arguably, the ultimate goal of hundreds of thousands of Ph.D. students. This requirement may vary from one institution to another, or even between subjects.

A doctoral program develops a student’s field of specialty to sharpen their skills to advance their position in their industry. Some doctorate programs require students to attend classes and take examinations, while some require Ph.D. students to handle a teaching load or serve as research assistants.

In the early phases of your doctoral study, you will focus on your chosen field of study. Eventually, you will dive deeper into enhancing your understanding of your specialization to better prepare you for writing your dissertation. At this point, you will start writing your proposal in preparation for your oral defense before a panel of esteemed specialists in your field.

During the final years of graduate school, your dissertation should be your priority. This way, you can move forward with your degree and become a Ph.D. Candidate.

Becoming a Ph.D. candidate from being a Ph.D. student will take time, even more so, your utmost dedication. Before you can be considered a Ph.D. Candidate, you need to submit a minimum of twenty- to thirty-page paper at the end of your first year in graduate school.

Second, you must have completed at least two years of full-time coursework. You will also be asked to show how proficient you are in the research language. In some programs, you need to submit a grant application.

Then, you need to have a draft of your dissertation prospectus. At this point, your prospectus must include your literature review and methodology.

Most importantly, you need to successfully defend your proposal before a committee or panel of experts. Once the committee approves your proposal and you pass the qualifying exams, you can now refer to yourself as a Ph.D. candidate.

After getting approval for your dissertation proposal or prospectus from the panel, you can now refer to yourself as a Ph.D. candidate. This means you get the green light to start writing your dissertation. As a Ph.D. candidate, you can use Ph.D.(c) as part of your credentials.

It signifies that you have now advanced to candidacy. You have reached the final years of your doctoral study, which will be crucial in the trajectory of your academic career.

Aside from having to defend your proposal, some institutions also require Ph.D. candidates to pass a weeklong examination. This often involves three separate written exams that may last for seven hours. You must also pass an oral examination. In this exam, your supervisor, your advisor, and a panel can ask you questions that are related to your discipline.

Now that you are a Ph.D. candidate, you can now start working on your dissertation, but before you begin working, you should take a well-deserved rest.

Having reached your candidacy means you have finished your doctoral studies and can now focus on your research. Writing a research paper entails that you are knowledgeable in your chosen subject.

Reading related literature will better equip you in identifying the gaps in the literature. This way, you may be able to add new knowledge to the subject and through testing your hypothesis and gathering relevant data for your research. Data collection is one of the most critical parts of research, and the viability of your study depends on it.

Moving forward, the data you have collected needs to be processed or analyzed for you to draw up a conclusion. The entire process of writing your dissertation is tedious, so you need patience, dedication, and a passion for research.

As a Ph.D. candidate, you can now use a Ph.D.(c) as part of your credentials. It signifies that you have completed all of your coursework and have now advanced to candidacy.

The (c) means you are currently working on your dissertation. However, including this title in your credentials is inappropriate, even wrong. This  designation is very often misused  that it has become common among candidates. 

First, because a candidacy does not equate to a degree, it is not a credential or a status that is awarded by any university, college, or higher education institution. Also, you can be a candidate for a considerably long time. Unfortunately, some Ph.D. candidates never comply with the dissertation requirement and progress to earning their Ph.D. degree.

In the world of postgraduate studies, they are called Ph.D., ABD, or “all but dissertation.” Unfortunately, according to the Council of Graduate Schools , 56.6% of Ph.D. students complete the program, and the rest either drop out of graduate school or end up as Ph.D., ABD.

The answer to this will depend on the path or subject you choose.

In 2017, the median completion period for completion of a doctorate program was 5.8 years according to the Survey of Earned Doctorates. Typically, a Ph.D. degree will take four to six years to complete, but several factors may prolong this period.

One factor is your field or discipline. Programs like humanities and arts take more than seven years based on the same survey.

Another factor is your academic background. Applying for a Ph.D. program typically requires that you have already completed your master’s degree. This means more time spent in graduate school.

Yes, there are academic institutions that offer professional doctorate degrees specifically designed to accommodate working professionals.

A professional doctorate is a Ph.D. equivalent that allows experienced professionals who aim to earn a doctorate. You can leverage their industry expertise through gaining an academic degree that translates to credibility, and influence in their field.

Students in the program often bring with them years of practical work experience and expertise in various areas, including information technology, business administration, finance, and education. This background will serve as the primary focus of your doctoral research. You can apply your first-hand experience and knowledge in solving real-world problems.

Similar to a Ph.D. degree, you will learn and develop your research methods, design your proposal, and present your findings through writing your doctoral study.

Yes, you can complete your Doctor of Philosophy degree fully online. Unsurprisingly, many Americans resolve to online education to earn a degree, especially an advanced or professional degree.

In a United Nations Study, the U.S. workforce is made up of 85% males and 67% females who are working beyond 40 hours per week. Individuals with family and other obligations are also usually drawn toward online doctorate programs.

An online Ph.D. program is an attractive offering that more and more working professionals seek. Now, there are at least 205 accredited higher education institutions in the county that offer over 1,000 doctorate programs that can be completed online. Earning your Ph.D. online does not necessarily mean that it will be easy. It can easily be as demanding as the traditional format.

Most importantly, an online doctorate bears the same credibility as the one earned on-campus. It is advised that before you enroll in an online program, you check the accreditation of your college or university. This way, no time, money, or effort will be put to waste.

For additional information, check this out:

• Ph.D.’s That Pay: The 15 Highest-Paying Doctoral Degrees
• Hardest Grad School Interview Questions and Response Tips from Ph.D. Experts

What is a PhD? Advice for PhD students

How long does it take to get a doctorate degree how do you get into grad school are you qualified to do a phd answers to these questions and more.

What is a PhD?

A PhD, which stands for “doctor of philosophy”, is the most advanced academic degree. It’s earned through extensive research on a specific topic, demonstrating expertise and contributing new knowledge to the field.

What does “PhD” mean?

The term “PhD” is often used as a synonym for any doctoral-level qualification. Doctorate degrees can often be split into two categories: MPhil and PhD.

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An MPhil is similar to a PhD as it includes a research element (which is usually shorter and less in-depth than a PhD thesis, and often more akin to a dissertation undertaken at undergraduate or master’s level). 

MPhil students focus more on interpreting existing knowledge and theory and critically evaluating other people’s work rather than producing their own research. The precise nature and definition of an MPhil can vary among institutions and countries. 

A PhD, meanwhile, follows a more widely known and traditional route and requires students, often referred to as “candidates”, to produce their own work and research on a new area or topic to a high academic standard.

PhD requirements vary significantly among countries and institutions. The PhD, once completed, grants the successful candidate the title of “doctor of philosophy”, also called PhD or DPhil.

What is a professional doctorate?

A professional doctorate is a kind of degree that helps people become experts in their fields. Instead of focusing mainly on theory and research like a regular PhD, a professional doctorate is all about practical skills and knowledge.

This kind of doctorate is great for students who want to get better at their jobs in areas like teaching, healthcare, business, law or psychology. The courses and projects in these programmes are designed to tackle real problems you might face at work.

For example, you might have heard of the doctor of education (EdD), doctor of business administration (DBA), doctor of psychology (PsyD) or doctor of nursing practice (DNP). These programmes combine learning, hands-on projects and sometimes a thesis paper or essay to show you’re skilled at solving on-the-job challenges.

How long does it take to study a PhD?

The time required to complete a PhD can vary significantly based on several factors. Generally, a full-time PhD programme takes around three to six years to finish. However, it’s important to take into account individual circumstances and the nature of the research involved.

1. Full-time vs. part-time: If you’re studying full-time, dedicating most of your time to your studies, it usually takes about three to four years to complete a PhD. However, studying part-time while managing other commitments might extend the duration. Part-time PhDs can take around six to eight years, and sometimes even longer.

2. Nature of research: The complexity of your research proposal can influence the time required. Certain research questions may involve intricate experiments, extensive data collection or in-depth analysis, potentially leading to a longer completion timeline.

3. Field of study: The subject area you’re researching can also affect the necessary time. Some fields, such as sciences or engineering, might involve more hands-on work, while theoretical subjects might require more time for literature review and analysis.

4. Supervision and support: The guidance and availability of your academic supervisor can affect the pace of your research progress. Regular meetings and effective communication can help keep your studies on track.

5. Thesis writing: While the research phase is crucial, the stage of writing your thesis is equally significant. Organising and presenting your research findings in a clear and cohesive manner can take several months.

6. External commitments: Personal commitments, such as work, family or health-related factors, can influence your study time. Some students need to balance these alongside their PhD studies, potentially extending the duration.

7. External Funding: The availability of funding can also affect your study duration. Some funding might be linked to specific project timelines or research objectives.

So, although a PhD usually takes between three and six years of full-time study, with potential variations based on research complexity, enrolment as part-time or full-time, field of study and personal circumstances. It’s vital to have a realistic understanding of these factors when planning your PhD journey.

How long is a PhD in the UK?

In the UK, the length of a PhD programme typically ranges from three to four years of full-time study. As explained above, there are many factors to consider.

How long is a PhD in the US?

Similarly to the UK, in the United States, the duration of a PhD programme can vary widely depending on the field of study, research topic and individual circumstances. On average, a full-time PhD programme in the US typically takes between five and six years to complete.

Why does it take longer to study a PhD in the US?

PhD programmes generally take longer to complete in the US than in the UK due to various factors in the education systems and programme structures of each country:

1. Programme structure: UK PhD programmes often emphasise early, focused research from the first year, leading to shorter completion times. In contrast, US programmes commonly include more initial coursework in your first and second year and broader foundational training, which can extend the overall duration.

2. Course work requirements: Many US PhD programmes require a lot of course work, which can lengthen the time needed to finish. UK programmes tend to have fewer or no course work demands, allowing students to concentrate primarily on research skills.

3. Research funding: In the UK, PhD funding is often awarded with specific timeframes in mind, motivating completion of the research degree in the agreed duration. In the US, funding approaches can vary, requiring students to secure funding from multiple sources, potentially affecting their progress and completion time.

4. Teaching responsibilities: Some US PhD students take on teaching roles as part of their funding, dividing their time and potentially prolonging their studies.

5. Research approach: Differences in research methodologies and project scopes can affect the time needed for data collection, experimentation and analysis.

6. Academic culture: The US education system values a well-rounded education, including coursework and comprehensive exams. This can extend the time before full-time research begins. UK PhD programmes often prioritise independent research early on.

7. Part-time and work commitments: US PhD candidates might have more flexibility for part-time work or other commitments, which can affect research progress.

8. Dissertation requirements: US PhD programmes generally include a longer and more comprehensive dissertation, involving more chapters and a broader exploration of the research topic.

These variations in programme structures, funding models and academic cultures contribute to the differing completion times between the two countries.

What qualifications do you need for a PhD?

To be eligible for a PhD programme, certain educational qualifications are generally expected by universities. These qualifications serve as indicators of your readiness to engage in advanced research and contribute to the academic community.

First, an undergraduate or bachelor’s degree in a relevant field is typically the most common requirement. This degree provides you with a foundational understanding of the subject and introduces you to basic research methodologies. It serves as a starting point for your academic journey.

Do you need a master’s degree to get into a PhD programme?

In addition to an undergraduate degree, many PhD programmes also require candidates to hold postgraduate or master’s degrees, often in fields related to the intended PhD research. A master’s degree offers a deeper exploration of the subject matter and enhances your research skills. Possessing a master’s degree signifies a higher level of expertise and specialisation.

The combination of both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees demonstrates a solid academic background. This background is crucial before you engage in doctoral study because pursuing a PhD involves more than just knowledge; it requires advanced research abilities, critical thinking and the capacity to provide an original contribution and new insights into the chosen field of study.

While these qualifications are usually requested, there are exceptions. Some institutions offer direct-entry programmes that encompass bachelor’s, master’s and PhD degrees in a streamlined structure. This approach is often seen in scientific and engineering disciplines rather than humanities.

In exceptional cases, outstanding performance during undergraduate studies, coupled with a well-defined research proposal, might lead to direct entry into a PhD programme without requiring a master’s degree.

Admission requirements can vary between universities and programmes. Some institutions might have more flexible prerequisites, while others could have more stringent criteria. Make sure that you thoroughly research all admission requirements of the PhD programmes you’re interested in to ensure you provide the right information.

Are PhD entry requirements similar in other countries?

PhD entry requirements in Canada and Australia can be somewhat similar to those in the UK and the US, but there are also some differences. Just like in the UK and the US, having a bachelor’s degree followed by a master’s degree is a common way to qualify for a PhD in Canada and Australia. However, the exact rules can vary, such as how much research experience you need or the grades you should have.

In Canada and Australia, as in the UK and the US, international students usually need to show their English language skills through tests like IELTS or TOEFL. And, like in other places, you might need to give a research proposal to explain what you want to study for your PhD.

But remember, even though there are some similarities, each country has its own rules.

PhD diary: Preparing for a PhD Nine things to know before doing a PhD Women in STEM: undertaking PhD research in cancer Studying for a part-time PhD: the challenges and the benefits Is it possible to do a three-year PhD as an international student? Looking for PhD tips? Why not check Twitter PhD diary: Where do I begin? How to do a PhD on a budget

How much does it cost to study a PhD?

The cost of pursuing a PhD can vary significantly between international and home (domestic) students, and it depends on the country, university and programme you choose.

United Kingdom (UK)

Home students in the UK often pay lower tuition fees compared with international students. Home students might also have access to government funding or subsidised tuition rates.

International students typically pay higher tuition fees, which can vary widely depending on the university and programme. Fees can range from around £10,000 to £25,000 or more per year.

United States (US)

PhD programme costs in the US can be quite high, especially for international students. Public universities often have lower tuition rates for in-state residents compared with out-of-state residents and international students.

Private universities in the US generally have higher tuition fees, and international students might be charged higher rates than domestic students.

Canadian universities often charge higher tuition fees for international students compared with domestic students.

Some universities offer funding packages that include tuition waivers and stipends for both domestic and international doctoral students.

In Australia, domestic students (Australian citizens and permanent residents) usually pay lower tuition fees than international students.

International students in Australia might have higher tuition fees, and costs can vary based on the university and programme.

Apart from tuition fees, other aspects play a role in the overall financial consideration:

PhD studentship: Many universities offer PhD studentships that provide financial support to research students, covering both tuition fees and a stipend for living expenses.

Stipend and housing: Stipends are designed to cover living expenses. Stipend amounts can vary depending on the university and location. If you’re studying in London in the UK, stipends might be higher to account for the higher living costs in the city. Some universities also offer subsidised or affordable housing options for doctoral students.

Tuition and stipend packages: Some PhD programmes provide funding packages that include both tuition waivers and stipends. These packages are to help relieve the financial burden on students during their doctoral studies.

Research the financial support options provided by the universities you’re interested in to make an informed decision about the cost of your PhD journey.

What funding options are available for PhD candidates?

PhD candidates have various funding options available to support their studies and research journeys. Some of these options include:

PhD scholarships: Scholarships are a common form of financial aid for PhD candidates. They are awarded based on academic merit, research potential or other specific criteria. Scholarships can cover tuition fees and provide a stipend for living expenses.

Bursaries: Bursaries are another form of financial assistance offered to students, including PhD candidates, based on financial need. They can help cover tuition fees or provide additional financial support.

In the UK, specific funding options are available:

Regional consortium: Some regions have research consortiums that offer funding opportunities for doctoral candidates. These collaborations can provide financial support for research projects aligned with specific regional needs.

UK research institute: Research councils in the UK often offer stipends to PhD candidates. These stipends cover living expenses and support research work.

University-based studentship: Many UK universities offer studentships. You can read more about these above.

In the USA, there are also funding options available:

Research assistantships (RAs): Many universities offer research assistantships where PhD candidates work on research projects under the guidance of faculty members. In exchange, they receive stipends and often have their tuition waived.

Teaching assistantships (TA): Teaching assistantships involve assisting professors in teaching undergraduate courses. In return, PhD candidates receive stipends and sometimes tuition remission.

Fellowships: Fellowships are competitive awards that provide financial support for PhD candidates. They can come from universities, government agencies, private foundations and other institutions. Fellowships can cover tuition, provide stipends and offer research or travel funds.

Graduate assistantships: Graduate assistantships include a range of roles, from research and teaching to administrative support. These positions often come with stipends and sometimes include tuition benefits.

External grants and fellowships: PhD candidates can apply for grants and fellowships from external organisations and foundations that support research careers in specific fields. Examples include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Fulbright Programme.

Employer sponsorship: In some cases, employers might sponsor employees to pursue PhDs, especially if the research aligns with the company’s interests.

You can read about the current available scholarships for international students of all education levels on our website .

What does a PhD Involve?

How does a PhD work?

A PhD includes thorough academic research and significant contributions to your chosen field of study. The timeline for completing a PhD can significantly vary based on the country, college or university you attend and the specific subject you study.

The duration of a PhD programme can vary based on factors such as the institution’s requirements and the academic discipline you’re pursuing. For instance, the timeline for a PhD in a science-related field might differ from that of a humanities discipline.

UK PhD timeline example

Looking at a typical PhD degree in a London higher education institution, we can consider this example timeline.

In the initial year of your PhD, you’ll collaborate closely with your designated academic supervisor. This collaboration involves refining and solidifying your research proposal, which lays the foundation for your entire doctoral journey.

This is also the time to establish a comprehensive plan, complete with well-defined milestones and deadlines. A crucial aspect of this year is conducting an extensive literature review, immersing yourself in existing academic works to understand the landscape of your chosen research area. It’s important to make sure that your research idea is original and distinct from prior studies.

As you begin the second year, you’ll actively collect data and gather information related to your research topic. Simultaneously, you’ll initiate the process of crafting your thesis. This involves combining your research findings and analysis into sections of your thesis document.

This is also the phase where you might have opportunities to share your research insights at academic meetings, conferences or workshops. Depending on the programme, you might even engage in teaching activities. Some PhD candidates also begin contributing to academic journals or books, showcasing their findings to a broader audience.

The third year of a PhD programme often marks the final stage of your research efforts. This is when you dedicate substantial time to writing and finalising your complete thesis. Once your thesis is completed to the highest standard, you’ll submit it for thorough evaluation.

A significant milestone in the third year is the viva voce, an oral examination where you’ll defend your thesis before a panel of experts in your field. The viva voce is an opportunity to showcase your deep understanding of your research and defend your findings.

Why should you do a PhD?

For many people, acquiring a doctorate degree is the pinnacle of academic achievement, the culmination of years of commitment to higher education.

However, the act of pursuing a PhD can be a complex, frustrating, expensive and time-consuming exercise. But with the right preparation, some sound advice and a thorough understanding of the task at hand, your years as a doctoral student can be some of the most rewarding of your life. 

People choose to work towards a doctorate for many reasons. If you are looking to pursue an academic position, such as university lecturer or researcher, then a PhD is usually required.

Many people obtain a PhD as part of a partnership with an employer, particularly in scientific fields such as engineering, where their research can prove useful for companies.

In some cases, however, PhDs are simply down to an individual’s love of a subject and their desire to learn more about their field.

What are some benefits of studying a PhD?

Pursuing a PhD can have many benefits that extend beyond academic achievement, encompassing personal growth, professional advancement and meaningful contributions to knowledge.

One of the most notable benefits of a PhD is the potential for tenure in academia. Attaining tenure provides a level of job security that allows you to delve into long-term research projects and make enduring contributions to your field. It signifies a stage where you can explore innovative ideas and pursue in-depth research, fostering your academic legacy.

While not obligatory, the opportunity to collaborate on research projects with your supervisor is another valuable aspect of a PhD pursuit. These collaborations might even come with financial compensation, offering real-world experience, skill development and practical applications of your research. Engaging in such collaborations can enrich your research portfolio and refine your research methodologies.

A pivotal aspect of a PhD journey is the chance to publish your original research findings. By disseminating your work in academic journals or presenting it at conferences, you contribute to the expansion of knowledge within your field. These publications establish your expertise and reputation among peers and researchers worldwide, leaving a lasting impact.

The pursuit of a PhD can provide a unique platform to build a diverse network of colleagues, mentors and collaborators. Engaging with fellow researchers, attending conferences and participating in academic events offer opportunities to make valuable connections. This network can lead to collaborations, expose you to a spectrum of perspectives and pave the way for future research endeavours.

What is a PhD thesis? And what is a PhD viva?

A PhD thesis will be produced with help from an academic supervisor, usually one with expertise in your particular field of study. This thesis is the backbone of a PhD, and is the candidate’s opportunity to communicate their original research to others in their field (and a wider audience).  PhD students also have to explain their research project and defend their thesis in front of a panel of academics. This part of the process is often the most challenging, since writing a thesis is a major part of many undergraduate or master’s degrees, but having to defend it from criticism in real time is arguably more daunting.  This questioning is known as a “viva”, and examiners will pay particular attention to a PhD’s weaknesses either in terms of methodology or findings. Candidates will be expected to have a strong understanding of their subject areas and be able to justify specific elements of their research quickly and succinctly.

In rare cases, students going for a PhD may instead be awarded an MPhil if the academic standard of their work is not considered fully up to par but still strong enough to be deserving of a qualification.

Can you do a PhD part time? 

Many PhD and MPhil candidates choose to pursue their qualification part time, in order to allow time to work and earn while studying. This is especially true of older students, who might be returning to academia after working for a few years. 

When applying, you should always speak to the admissions team at your university to ensure this is possible and then continue to work with your supervisor to balance all your commitments. 

Can I do a PhD through distance learning?

This is something else that you will need to check with your university. Some institutions offer this option, depending on the nature of your research. 

You will need to be clear how many times you will need to travel to your university to meet with your supervisor throughout your PhD. 

Your PhD supervisor

Choosing the right PhD supervisor is essential if you want to get the most out of your PhD. Do your research into the faculty at the institution and ensure that you meet with your proposed supervisor (either virtually or in person) before fully committing. 

You need to know that not only do they have the right expertise and understanding of your research but also that your personalities won’t clash throughout your PhD. 

Remember, to complete your PhD, you will need a strong support network in place, and your supervisor is a key part of that network. 

Coping with PhD stress

If you do decide to embark on a doctorate, you may well encounter stress and anxiety. The work involved is often carried out alone, the hours can be long and many students can suffer from the pressure they feel is on their shoulders.

Ensuring that you check in regularly with your emotions and your workload is crucial to avoid burnout. If you have other commitments, such as a job or a family, then learning to balance these can feel overwhelming at times. 

Give yourself regular breaks, speak to your supervisor and ensure that you know what university resources and support systems are available to you in case you need to access them. 

Post-doctorate: what happens after you finish your PhD?

Many PhD graduates pursue a career in academia, while others will work in industry. Some might take time out, if they can afford to, to recover from the efforts of PhD study.

Whatever you choose to do, undertaking a PhD is a huge task that can open up a range of doors professionally. Just remember to take some time out to celebrate your achievement. 

How does a PhD affect salary and earning potential?

How much does a professor with a PhD make a year?

Professors with PhDs can earn different amounts depending on where they work and their experience. In the UK, a professor might make around £50,000 to £100,000 or more each year. In the US, it's between about $60,000 and $200,000 or even higher. The exact salary depends on things like the place they work, if they have tenure, and what they teach.

How much does a PhD add to salary?

Having a PhD can make your salary higher than if you had a lower degree. But exactly how much more you earn can change. On average, people with PhDs earn more than those with bachelor’s or master’s degrees. The increase in salary is influenced by many things, such as the job you do, where you work and what field you’re in.

In fields such as research, healthcare, technology and finance, your knowledge and skills from your PhD can potentially help you secure a higher salary position.

In the end, having a PhD can boost your earning potential and open doors to well-paying jobs, including professorships and special roles in different areas. But the exact effect on your salary is influenced by many things, so ensure you weigh the cost against the benefit.

How to choose a PhD programme?

Choosing a PhD programme involves defining your research interest, researching supervisors and programme reputation, evaluating funding options, reviewing programme structure, considering available resources, assessing networking opportunities, factoring in location and career outcomes, visiting the campus if possible and trusting your instincts.

How can I find available PhD programmes?

You can find available PhD programmes by visiting university websites, using online directories such as “FindAPhD”, checking professional associations, networking with professors and students, following universities on social media, attending career fairs and conferences, contacting universities directly and exploring research institutes’ websites.

How to apply for a PhD programme?

To apply for a PhD programme:

Research and select universities aligned with your interests.

Contact potential supervisors, sharing your proposal, CV and references.

Prepare application materials: research proposal, CV, recommendation letters and a writing sample.

Ensure you meet academic and language-proficiency requirements.

Complete an online application through the university’s portal.

Pay any required application fees.

Write a statement of purpose explaining your motivations.

Provide official transcripts of your academic records.

Submit standardised test scores if needed.

Some programmes may require an interview.

The admissions committee reviews applications and decides.

Apply for scholarships or assistantships.

Upon acceptance, review and respond to the offer letter.

Plan travel, accommodation and logistics accordingly.

Remember to research and follow each university’s specific application guidelines and deadlines.

How to apply for a PhD as an international student?

Many stages of the PhD application process are the same for international students as domestic students. However, there are sometimes some additional steps:

International students should apply for a student visa.

Take language proficiency tests such as TOEFL or IELTS if required.

Provide certificates if needed to validate your previous degrees.

Show evidence of sufficient funds for tuition and living expenses.

Check if you need health insurance for your chosen destination.

Translate and authenticate academic transcripts if necessary.

Attend orientation sessions for cultural adaptation.

Apply for university housing or explore off-campus options.

Familiarise yourself with international student support services.

Ben Osborne, the postgraduate student recruitment manager at the University of Sussex explains in detail how to apply for a PhD in the UK .

Giulia Evolvi, a lecturer in media and communication at Erasmus University, Rotterdam explains how to apply for a PhD in the US .

Finally, Samiul Hossain explores the question Is it possible to do a three-year PhD as an international student?

Q. What is a PhD? A. A PhD is the highest level of academic degree awarded by universities, involving in-depth research and a substantial thesis.

Q. What does “PhD” mean? A. “PhD” stands for doctor of philosophy, recognising expertise in a field.

Q. What is a professional doctorate? A. A professional doctorate emphasises practical application in fields such as education or healthcare.

Q. How long does it take to study a PhD? A. It takes between three and six years to study a full-time PhD programme.

Q. How long is a PhD in the UK? A. It takes around three to four years to study a full-time UK PhD.

Q. How long is a PhD in the US? A. It takes approximately five to six years to complete a full-time US PhD.

Q. Why does it take longer to study a PhD in the US? A. US programmes often include more course work and broader training.

Q. What qualifications do you need for a PhD? A. You usually need an undergraduate degree as a minimum requirement, although a master’s might be preferred.

Q. Do you need a master’s degree to get into a PhD programme? A. Master’s degrees are preferred but not always required.

Q. Are PhD entry requirements similar in other countries? A. Entry requirements are similar in many countries, but there may be additional requirements. Make sure to check the university website for specific details.

Q. How much does it cost to study a PhD? A. The cost of PhD programmes vary by country and university.

Q. What funding options are available for PhD candidates? A. Scholarships, assistantships, fellowships, grants, stipends are all funding options for PhD candidates.

Q. What does a PhD involve? A. PhDs involve research, seminars, thesis, literature review, data analysis and a PhD viva.

Q. Why should you do a PhD? A. There are many reasons to study a PhD including personal growth, research skills, contributions to academia and professional development.

Q. What are some benefits of studying a PhD? A. Benefits of graduating with a PhD include achieving tenure, collaborations with colleagues, publication of your work, and networking opportunities.

Q. What is a PhD thesis? A. A PhD thesis is a comprehensive document that showcases the original research conducted by a PhD candidate.

Q. What is a PhD viva? A. A PhD viva, also known as a viva voce or oral examination, is the final evaluation of a PhD candidate’s research and thesis where the panel asks questions, engages in discussions and assesses the depth of the candidate’s understanding and expertise.

Q. Can you do a PhD part-time? A. Yes, part-time options are available for PhDs.

Q. Can I do a PhD through distance learning? A. Some universities offer online PhDs; you can find out more on their websites.

Q. How to choose a PhD programme? A. You can find PhD programmes through research, by contacting faculty, checking resources and considering location.

Q. How can I find available PhD programme? A. You can find available PhD programmes on university sites, through directories and by networking.

Q. How to apply for a PhD programme A. To apply for a PhD programme, research suitable universities and programmes, get in touch with potential supervisors, gather required documents like transcripts and reference letters, complete the online application, pay any necessary fees and submit a statement of purpose and research proposal. If needed, meet language-proficiency criteria and attend interviews. After acceptance, explore funding choices, confirm your spot and get ready for the programme’s start.

Q. How to apply for a PhD as an international student A. To apply for a PhD as an international student, follow similar steps to domestic students, but you need to include securing a student visa and passing language requirements.

Q. What is a PhD dropout rate? A. The dropout rate from PhDs varies but is approximately 30-40 per cent.

Q. How does a PhD affect salary and earning potential? A. A PhD can boost earning potential, especially in research, technology, healthcare and academia. Impact varies by job, industry and location. Experience, skills and demand also influence salary.

Q. How to address a person with a PhD? A. When addressing someone with a PhD, it’s respectful to use “Dr”, followed by their last name, whether they have a PhD in an academic field or a professional doctorate. For instance, “Dr. Smith”.

Q. Is there a difference between a PhD and a doctorate? A. The terms “PhD” and “doctorate” are often used interchangeably, though a PhD is a specific type of doctorate focused on original research. A doctorate can refer more broadly to any doctoral-level degree, including professional doctorates with practical applications.

Q. What is the difference between a PhD and an MD? A. A PhD is a doctor of philosophy, awarded for academic research, while an MD is a doctor of medicine, focusing on medical practice. They lead to different career paths and involve distinct areas of study.

Q. What is the difference between a PhD and a professional doctorate? A. A PhD is an academic research-focused degree, while a professional doctorate emphasises applying research to practical fields such as education or business. PhDs often involve original research, while professional doctorates focus on real-world application.

Q. What is the difference between UK and US PhDs? A. The difference between UK and US PhDs lies mainly in structure and duration. UK PhDs often have shorter durations and a stronger emphasis on independent research from an early stage. US PhDs typically include more initial coursework and broader foundational training before full-time research begins.

Q. What is the difference between a PhD student and a candidate? A. A PhD student is actively studying and researching in a doctoral programme, while a PhD candidate has completed programme requirements except for the dissertation and is close to completion.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and an EdD? A. A PhD and an EdD (doctor of education) differ in focus. A PhD emphasises research and academic contributions, while an EdD focuses on applying research to practical educational issues.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and a DBA? A. A PhD and a DBA (doctor of business administration) differ in purpose. A PhD emphasises theoretical research and academia, while a DBA is practice-oriented, aimed at solving real business problems.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and a PsyD? A. A PhD and a PsyD (doctor of psychology) differ in emphasis. A PhD focuses on research and academia, while a PsyD emphasises clinical practice and applying psychological knowledge.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and an LLD? A. A PhD and an LLD (doctor of laws or Legum doctor) are distinct. A PhD is awarded in various disciplines, while an LLD is usually an honorary degree for significant contributions to law.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and an MD-PhD? A. A PhD and an MD-PhD differ. An MD-PhD is a dual degree combining medical training (MD) with research training (PhD).

Q. What is the Cambridge PhD? A. A Cambridge PhD involves original research guided by a supervisor, resulting in a thesis. It’s offered at the University of Cambridge .

Q. What is the Oxford DPhil? A. An Oxford DPhil is equivalent to a PhD and involves independent research leading to a thesis. The term “DPhil” is unique to the University of Oxford .

Q. What is the PhD programme acceptance rate? A. PhD acceptance rates vary by university, field and competition. Prestigious universities and competitive fields often have lower acceptance rates.

Q. What is a PhD supervisor? A. A PhD supervisor guides and supports a student’s research journey, providing expertise and feedback.

Q. What is a PhD panel? A. A PhD panel evaluates a candidate’s research, thesis and oral defence. It consists of experts in the field.

Q. What is a PhD stipend? A. A PhD stipend is a regular payment supporting living expenses during research, often tied to teaching or research assistant roles.

Q. What is a PhD progression assessment? A. A PhD progression assessment evaluates a student’s progress, often confirming their continuation in the programme.

Q. What is a PhD defence? A. A PhD defence, or viva, is the final oral examination where a candidate presents and defends their research findings and thesis before experts.

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7 resources to help phd students succeed on their doctoral journey.

It takes a village and a variety of skills to succeed in the doctoral world. Here are a few of the many resources Wharton Doctoral Programs offers to help.

Like most of our doctoral students, perhaps you’re preparing to go into academia after completing your PhD. Being a professor and researcher today often involves opportunities to share your research with a larger audience than a classroom of students. The doctoral journey is meant to prepare you with the wide array of skills you’ll need to be effective whether you’re in front of the classroom or a conference stage.

That includes the polish to present and speak publicly with ease, the writing and communication skills to craft your dissertation and journal articles, the analytical know-how to research thoroughly and gather meaningful data, and the ability to teach — colleagues, pupils, or the general public, whatever the case may be. And, if you have family, you’ll need support in getting them through this journey with you.

Wharton Doctoral Programs offers a wide range of resources to help you thrive in the PhD program and prepare you for life beyond it. Here are a few of the top Wharton resources our students have highlighted as most beneficial:

1. 5 Slides 5 Minutes

Researchers often have the opportunity to share their work with a larger audience through social media and mass media outlets — but it requires nuanced communication skills. How do you take complex findings and communicate them to a general audience concisely without oversimplifying the message?

That’s the focus of 5 Slides 5 Minutes. Launched in 2014, this low-stakes, high-potential event enables PhD students to present an abstract to students, faculty, and staff to practice engaging non-experts in their research topic. Students receive an invitation to participate via email from the Doctoral Programs Office.

After students present, they can work with Wharton Communications Program to review their presentation and get tips on how to improve their communication skills. Wharton’s renowned faculty also share valuable insights with students about these presentations.

“We focus on individuals. We help them convey their research content most effectively given their style and personality,” said Lisa Warshaw, Director of the Wharton Communications Program.

2. Dissertation Boot Camp

The name might sound intimidating, but some students think of Dissertation Boot Camp as a two-week writers’ retreat. Hosted twice a year by the Graduate Student Center, it’s designed for students who have dissertation status but haven’t presented their proposal yet.

The camp offers an environment and support for intense, focused writing time as well as a review on the steps, deadlines, and University policies. Limited to 20 students, the small group gives writers a chance to make connections with others who are going through the dissertation process and provides participants with the structure and motivation to overcome typical roadblocks along the way.

3. Wharton Communications Program

The Wharton Communication Program helps Wharton PhD students become more effective communicators and thus better presenters, public speakers, and writers — all critical skills in academia. All doctoral students are provided with access to on-site, one-on-one writing coaching during the academic year.

Wharton PhD students are required to attend two workshops: First-Year Communications Workshop in the fall and First-Year Writing Workshop in the spring. The skills-based approach adopted in the workshops helps students develop their personal style and strengthen their confidence as communicators.

Through multiple practice opportunities, video recording of speeches, and rigorous feedback, the program provides students with a thorough foundation in communication theory and for doctoral students, focuses on research presentations and job talks.

4. Teacher Development Program Workshop

Offered in conjunction with the Center for Teaching and Learning , the Teacher Development Program is a four-session course. It gives doctoral students a foundation in core teaching practices to support their teaching at Penn.

By helping with presentation skills and academic job placement, the workshop prepares students to become faculty in the future. Ian Petrie , Senior Associate Director, Center for Teaching and Learning described the workshop as “a collective, collaborative program.” Each week features “microteaching” demonstrations, where participants conduct a brief lesson and get feedback from their peers and the directors.

The intent is that faculty and graduate students will engage and learn from each other to master fundamental teaching methods. “Every PhD student can leave the program having gained some new tools for teaching,” Petrie said. This exchange happens when doctoral students observe “talented colleagues from other departments to get a glimpse of how they teach.”

Students also have the opportunity to enroll in the CTL Teaching Certificate program to hone teaching skills and grasp a commitment to developing as teachers.

“I’d like everyone to come out of the experience feeling more confident about their skills as an instructor or presenter,” Petrie said. “Anything I can do to support doctoral students in achieving their goals is extremely gratifying.”

5. Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS)

With more than 50,000 corporate, academic, and government users, Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS) is the global gold standard in data management, research analytics, and thought leadership. Researchers at more than 450 institutions in 36 countries across the globe depend upon this award-winning research platform and business intelligence tool — and researchers are doing the work to grow it right here on Wharton’s campus.

“The fact that the people who create the data, research analytics, and tools are here is super important,” said Prof. Cathy Schrand, Vice Dean of Wharton Doctoral Programs. “I’ve had early access to WRDS before it even became available to other subscribers. Top universities all over the world that have subscriptions to WRDS may only have access to certain elements of it, but we have access to all of it and it’s here on site which does provide an advantage.” The platform allows researchers to access more than 350 terabytes of data in one location that spans across multiple disciplines, including accounting, banking, economics, ESG (environmental, social, and governance), finance, health care, insurance, marketing, and statistics. “WRDS is by far the most important source of datasets for academic researchers. As a Wharton PhD student, you automatically get unrestricted access to every one of these databases,” said Itamar Drechsler, associate professor of finance at Wharton and NYU’s Stern School of Business, who has experience on both sides of the classroom – he earned his PhD from Wharton in 2009.

6. Wharton Behavioral Lab

A shared resource for all Wharton faculty, the Wharton Behavioral Laboratory (WBL) provides a variety of services that support data collection for behavioral research on business-related topics. The primary goal is to enhance the research productivity of Wharton faculty by minimizing the operational costs, both time and money, of conducting research. With two locations — one in Steinberg Hall Dietrich Hall and another in Jon Huntsman Hall, doctoral students can gather original data through lab experiments and panels, instead of using secondary data created by others. Each year, the lab collects about 23,000 subject hours of data. Research from WBL can consistently be found in national and international publications such as the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, and the Journal of Business Ethics .

7. Support for Families

For some PhD students, attending Wharton means relocating their families to a new city. To help students and their families ease the transition to PhD life, the Wharton Doctoral Program Office hosts the Maternity/Paternity Workshop , an annual event that talks about the resources available to PhD students with families.

Here are a couple of the key resources they highlight in the workshop:

• The Doctoral Programs Office allows eligible students to apply for up to one year of additional school-level funding beyond their allotted funded year. Furthermore, students are eligible for up to eight weeks of time-off for childbirth and adoption and have the option of taking unpaid Family Leave of Absence.
• At Penn, the Family Resource Center provides additional resources and facilities, such as a children’s playroom and two private lactation rooms, which cater to the needs of students with families. The Center also has two grant programs for PhD students to help offset the cost of childcare and family expenses, and health insurance for dependents.
• Wharton Doctoral Partners & Families is a student-run online resource created to communicate the resources at Penn and Philadelphia to partners and families. Its mission is to empower members to transition and settle into their new lives.

Posted: November 6, 2018

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• Published: 10 May 2006

What makes a good PhD student?

• Georgia Chenevix-Trench 1  

Nature volume  441 ,  page 252 ( 2006 ) Cite this article

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Some tips for PhD students.

Doing a PhD should be fun and rewarding, because you can spend all your working time discovering things and pursuing ideas — and getting paid for it, without any administrative responsibilities. Those who stick with a career in science do so because, despite the relatively poor pay, long hours and lack of security, it is all we want to do.

Unfortunately most new PhD students are ill-prepared, and as a consequence very few will fulfil their aspirations to be independent scientists. The main reasons for this are the 'grade creep' inherent at most universities, making it difficult to identify the really talented first-class graduates from the rest, and the pressure on universities to graduate as many PhD students as possible. The consequence is that we enrol far too many of them without telling them clearly what doing a doctorate should entail. We therefore set ourselves, and the students, on a path of frustration and disappointment.

So what should we be telling prospective PhD students?

Choose a supervisor whose work you admire and who is well supported by grants and departmental infrastructure.

Take responsibility for your project.

Work hard — long days all week and part of most weekends. If research is your passion this should be easy, and if it isn't, you are probably in the wrong field. Note who goes home with a full briefcase to work on at the end of the day. This is a cause of success, not a consequence.

Take some weekends off, and decent holidays, so you don't burn out.

Read the literature in your immediate area, both current and past, and around it. You can't possibly make an original contribution to the literature unless you know what is already there.

Plan your days and weeks carefully to dovetail experiments so that you have a minimum amount of downtime.

Keep a good lab book and write it up every day.

Be creative. Think about what you are doing and why, and look for better ways to go. Don't see your PhD as just a road map laid out by your supervisor.

Develop good writing skills: they will make your scientific career immeasurably easier.

To be successful you must be at least four of the following: smart, motivated, creative, hard-working, skilful and lucky. You can't depend on luck, so you had better focus on the others!

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Are PhD Students and PhD Researchers the same thing?

Similarly to how a Postdoc researcher is a researcher, I think that a PhD student should be considered a researcher. Especially when:

• A salary is obtained for the research that is done as part of the PhD studies. Per definition, I would say that students pay, they are not paid.
• A research master has been studied before and there are no lessons, classes, exams, etc. So in fact the person is not a student, but "at least" an "apprentice".

I know that naming things in one way or another may not make a big difference for those in academia that read the CV, but it may evoke different ideas for those out of academia that read it.

As far as I know, they are absolutely equivalent, even if one is more used than the other (mistakenly, IMHO). Nevertheless, I would like to get confirmation, if possible from an authoritative source (like a dictionary for titles), and at the same time I think that the question may be useful for many people.

• terminology

• 11 A "PhD researcher" might easily be confused with a "researcher who has a PhD". PhD students are researchers in training, and hence of course do perform research. –  Gerhard Commented Jun 19, 2016 at 21:43
• 4 I think the main issue is that people who are working towards their PhD are considered "students" in many places, but not all. For example, I obtained my PhD in The Netherlands, where most PhD "students" are employees and a master is a prerequisite. Others and I have used the term "PhD candidate" to distinguish from the "student", but this term also has other connotations in English, see academia.stackexchange.com/questions/10972/… –  Jaap Eldering Commented Jun 20, 2016 at 1:05
• 5 I agree with @Gerhard, and I'd go a bit further. To me, "Ph.D. researcher" unambiguously means a researcher who already has a Ph.D. –  Andreas Blass Commented Jun 20, 2016 at 2:12
• 5 There is no correct answer. Language varies wildly across disciplines, countries, and institutions. For extra confusion, let's throw in "PhD candidate"! –  JeffE Commented Jun 20, 2016 at 2:26
• 4 @Trylks: i unfortunately do not think so. "Doctoral researcher" might be a bit more ambiguous (in a good way from your perspective), but comparing it to "postdoctoral researcher" has the same problem as distinguishing between graduate and postgraduate students: there is no difference. Many languages have a separate word for phd students, like "Doktorand" in German, which reflects what you want to say. English unfortunately does not. The closest I can think of is "PhD candidate". I have also seen people advertise Predoctoral posts, which might also work, but sounds quite odd to my ears. –  Gerhard Commented Jun 22, 2016 at 19:48

6 Answers 6

I don't see the point in your distinctions in either bullet. Some students get a salary, some do not. Neither of these is determinative of whether a student is a researcher. Not every PhD student did a Master's degree before the began their PhD studies. I certainly did not.

Why do you care if PhD students (who I agree do "research") are "researchers" or not? Of course they are researchers because I think that anyone who does research is a researcher (paid, student, or otherwise). Are you looking to validate your ego, to overcome an officious rule that says that only "researchers" may do some thing or other, or are you looking for something else? Except in a few places, titles matter little. If titles matter where you are, then find the law or bureaucratic codes that define "researcher" and follow them. If you don't like the answer you find, you can either live with that, find a workaround, or fight (presumably through a legislative body if that place has one) for change. You haven't given us enough detail about why you care for us to helpfully answer your question.

• 1 @MikeyMike, I've seen similar things, but they almost always make the distinction that the applicant must be within X years after receiving their PhD. They're often very clear about their requirements. Being just a "researcher" is not a requirement I've ever seen. The word may be thrown around a bit cavalierly in the RFP, but the Requirements section lays out the details clearly in every case I've ever come across. –  Bill Barth Commented Jun 20, 2016 at 11:52
• 1 @Trylks, that's a pretty vague response to my question. Are you being rejected for a position or pay level because you're not a "researcher" in someone or some bureaucracy's eyes? I think PhD students are researchers and should be paid. I was regarded so and was paid, though not very well, but tuition was free and I got healthcare benefits. If you're trying to fudge or puff up your CV by adding the word "researcher" to it somewhere, that might not be OK. Some people might not even read far enough to notice. My student title was "Graduate Research Assistant" and everyone knew what that meant. –  Bill Barth Commented Jun 22, 2016 at 20:05
• 3 @BillBarth Well, I personally finished the PhD and moved out of academia, where HR people may care or not care about the word "researcher" (which I think would be the appropriate term), but in general they despise the word "student". However, I think that the whole topic may be relevant and important for people that are not me (or you for the matter). As such, I have not tried to be vague, but to be general, for the general interest of the community. –  Trylks Commented Jun 22, 2016 at 20:24
• 1 @Trylks, I haven't seen this to be a problem. Not all places use HR people to do the screening, and many hiring managers are aware of what a graduate student researcher was doing when they are looking to hire a PhD. They know that being a student researcher was part of the role, and they know this because they have hired PhDs before. –  Bill Barth Commented Jun 22, 2016 at 20:28
• 3 @Trylks, technically impossible, yes, but likely close enough. Maybe you can edit your question to add the stuff about strikes so that it's not so vague. Things are basically fine in the US right now. There's no apparent need to point out to everyone who reads your CV here that students and research assistants are researchers, too. People seem to get it. I hire PhDs who are mostly off the academic track, and I don't need to ask "Did you do research during your time as a PhD student?" –  Bill Barth Commented Jun 22, 2016 at 22:54

"PhD Researcher" implies that this person has a PhD. Also a post-doctoral researcher is something more specific. It usually refers to a person taking a short term 1-3 years individual Post-Doc after his/her PhD. Also, if you are a Researcher it should imply that you have a PhD since a PhD candidate/student is learning how to be a researcher and therefore not a qualified researcher yet. Also, a "PhD Researcher", "Researcher" or "Researcher PhD" could be more experienced than a Post-doctoral Researcher and it usually implies a more permanent position.

Personally I think it is important to stick to the title to avoid confusion. Personally I would like to see "PhD candidate" instead of "PhD student" since it sounds better. PhD candidates should be paid in my opinion as they do research for the university. But payment is independent of the title. Avoiding using wrong name is also advisable. If I was an interviewer and I had found out that I was cheated on thinking that you have a PhD, then I would not appoint you. I will loose trust on the rest of your skills on your CV. Keep your CV as truthful as possible.

The generally accepted job title of a researcher who already has a PhD is a post-doctoral researcher. Unless you want to argue that doctoral and post-doctoral mean the same thing then a doctoral researcher is a researcher who is seeking a PhD. This makes sense considering that we do not say doctoral student for students that already have obtained their doctorates. The purpose of avoiding saying "PhD Student" as your job title on your CV is because a common prejudice against people with PhD's seeking to work in the private sector is that all they know about is life as a student. This is obviously not the case if you work at a research institute where some of the researchers may not even have a phd and get to claim there time there as work experience. In German and French this is not an issue because the meaning of the words "doktorant" and "doctorand" are commonly known. In English, "doctorand" is actually the word you are looking for ( https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/doctorand ), but it is not as widely known which makes it less suitable for a resumé/CV. When I did my PhD there was a person from human resources responsible for all the doctorands in the French speaking part of Switzerland who explained all of this using survey data and examples. My suggestion is to use "Doctoral Researcher" because "PhD Researcher" could potentially be confused with "PhD-level researcher".

• 4 Downvoted. People are not dictionaries, and human language is not logical. Idioms also vary significantly across different countries, institution types, and research communities. –  JeffE Commented Nov 8, 2017 at 23:34
• 6 "The generally accepted job title of a researcher who already has a PhD is a post-doctoral researcher." This is just not true. Postdoctoral researcher means something much more specific. "This makes sense considering that we do not say doctoral student for students that already have obtained their doctorates." In modern anglophone academic parlance, once you get your doctorate in X you are no longer any kind of student of X. Also, "doctorand" and "PhD student" are synonymous. If someone wants to stigmatize PhD students, then they will regardless of what they are called . –  Pete L. Clark Commented Nov 9, 2017 at 0:11
• @JeffE Idioms are expressions whose meanings are not deducible from their individual words and doesn't have anything to do with job titles. Also, language does have logical structure, it is called grammar. I think what you are trying to get at is that expressions evolve based on repeated usage, regardless whether it is correct or not (e.g. main courses are called entrées in the US). –  Alex Commented Nov 9, 2017 at 0:58
• @PeteL.Clark This was based on a seminar that was available to all PhD students in Switzerland to help them plan their careers. They specifically advised us to avoid the term "student" for these reasons. Take from it what you want. I didn't make it up. It is possible that postdoc has a different connotation in certain countries such as the US. I only have experience with the Swiss and French systems where a postdoc is just a category of professional researcher who has already obtained their PhD and is not a part of the permanent staff (like a senior scientist). Maybe you could explain what you –  Alex Commented Nov 9, 2017 at 1:06

PhD students and PhD researchers are not the same thing.

A "PhD researcher" is a researcher who has a PhD, while a PhD student is working on a project in order to obtain a PhD (i.e. does not have the degree yet).

I agree with you, that the term "PhD student" in English is rather unfortunate - in reality, it is much closer to an apprenticeship, as you are training to perform research. And you do this by performing research under guidance.

Other languages have separate words for people doing a PhD, e.g. "Doktorand" in German, which give less of an impression of "studentship". In English, this is (AFAIK) not possible, and the closest I can think of is "PhD candidate".

If you just would like to avoid the term "student" on a CV because you believe that it could be misinterpreted by people outside academia, I would instead refer to something along the lines of e.g.

"PhD project (in SUBJECT)" "PhD research project"

This still covers what you have done, but avoids giving the job title you feel is ambiguous.

Making up new "job titles", especially if they can be misinterpreted, is not a good idea, as unilateral "bug fixing" of a language does not work: communication requires both parties to buy into the premise. In the best case, you will create confusion, in the worst case you will be guilty of fraud.

• The closest translation of "Doktorand" seems to be "doctoral student". The latter is also a preferable term to "PhD student" because the German doctoral degree is not actually called "PhD". –  lighthouse keeper Commented Jun 23, 2016 at 8:40
• 1 @lighthousekeeper: for all intents and purposes the translation of German (science) doctorates is "PhD", so making a distinction between "doctoral students" and "PhD students" is mainly academic (pun intended :) ). Neither of the terms helps the OP. –  Gerhard Commented Jun 23, 2016 at 8:46
• About unilateral "bug fixing", I completely agree, that is why I am asking and I consider this very important. What would be the name for a person that has finished a master and is doing research (just like a PhD student would be) but is not pursuing a PhD? Predoctoral researcher? Could PhD Students be semantically equivalent to predoctoral researchers? –  Trylks Commented Jun 23, 2016 at 21:09
• 3 What would be the name for a person that has finished a master and is doing research — "Researcher". –  JeffE Commented Nov 8, 2017 at 23:35
• @Gerhard: The German term that helps your argument is Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter : "knowledge employee." –  aeismail Commented Nov 9, 2017 at 0:03

Perhaps the difference is in what Masters and PhD entail in different countries. I've spoken to several people in the US who have very different course content in comparison to what we have here in the UK. In the UK, Masters level research is of higher quality and rigor than a Masters in the US (the same can be said about Bachelors in the US and the UK). By the time we finish our Masters here in the UK, we are quite familiar with how to do research. We are no longer students of research. From this perspective, I believe those who are doing PhD are researchers, not merely students. Someone who is already granted a PhD is a post-doctoral researcher, not a doctoral researcher.

• 1 I don't think this applies anywhere near as universally as you claim here: if what you say is true, I think this is going to depend heavily on the institution and the discipline. (And by Masters in US are you thinking MSc, MPhil, .. ? ) –  Yemon Choi Commented Nov 24, 2018 at 4:16
• This definitely isn't generally true –  Flyto Commented Oct 2, 2019 at 16:53

Six years late, but I would say they are the same.

An undergraduate researcher implies an undergraduate student who does research.

Similarly, a Ph.D. researcher implies a Ph.D. student who does research.

In my opinion, Researcher , in general, without the degree as prefix, is someone who does research as a job.

• 1 "a Ph.D. researcher implies a Ph.D. student who does research" - does it, though? Could be someone with a PhD doing research. A PhD student is not a PhD, so why use PhD as an adjective? Perhaps (PhD Student) Researcher is implied, but perhaps not. –  Bryan Krause ♦ Commented Jun 21, 2022 at 22:56
• As a Ph.D. student, you may do extensive research and prove it in a number of ways, like soloing papers and having an h-index in the double digits. Still, when you hand your CV to some people in the industry they will look down on you and think that "you have no real experience". What I have learned in these 6 years is that those people are idiots, and you are better off ignoring them and working with someone else, if you can. By discarding your CV, they are making you a favor. –  Trylks Commented Jun 24, 2022 at 9:12

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Mary Smith – 2024 August Student Spotlight

Aug 7, 2024, 8:47 PM

Congratulations Mary!

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Assistant Professor of Entrepreneurship and Strategy

• Madison, Wisconsin
• WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS/MANAGEMENT & HUMAN RESOURCES
• Faculty-Full Time
• Opening at: Aug 5 2024 at 13:40 CDT

Job Summary:

The Management and Human Resources (MHR) Department in the Wisconsin School of Business seeks a full-time, nine-month, tenure track appointment to begin August 18, 2025. We especially seek candidates with a strong record of research in the fields of entrepreneurship, strategic management, or technology and innovation management. The position would be responsible for teaching graduate and undergraduate students in management and related fields, conducting scholarly research and performing university service. MHR's undergraduate and Masters programs prepare students for careers in entrepreneurship, leadership and/or human resources. Our progressive curriculum based on current research is taught by award winning faculty. Degree programs are designed to create superior educational experiences for undergraduate, masters, and PhD students. Faculty expertise includes research on entrepreneurship, strategy, innovation, human resource management, and organizational behavior. The department houses the Weinert Center for Entrepreneurship, the Bolz Center for Arts Administration and the Strategic Human Resource Management Center. We are also proud to be part of a great university with excellent resources available to both faculty and students. The Wisconsin School of Business offers degrees in Entrepreneurship, Management, and Human Resources, at the undergraduate, masters, and PhD level. The school currently enrolls approximately 2,800 undergraduates, 400 masters, and 80 PhD students.

Responsibilities:

- Create and maintain a strong program of research - Teach undergraduate and graduate level courses in the Wisconsin School of Business - Provide classroom and individual instruction for undergraduate and graduate degree-seeking students - Contribute to the intellectual and academic life of the department. University and community service will be expected as appropriate.

Institutional Statement on Diversity:

Diversity is a source of strength, creativity, and innovation for UW-Madison. We value the contributions of each person and respect the profound ways their identity, culture, background, experience, status, abilities, and opinion enrich the university community. We commit ourselves to the pursuit of excellence in teaching, research, outreach, and diversity as inextricably linked goals. The University of Wisconsin-Madison fulfills its public mission by creating a welcoming and inclusive community for people from every background - people who as students, faculty, and staff serve Wisconsin and the world. For more information on diversity and inclusion on campus, please visit: Diversity and Inclusion

Required PhD in Management or related field required by start date.

Qualifications:

Required: Candidates will have a research program under way that is likely to result in publications in top tier journals as well as demonstrable skills that suggest future excellence in teaching.

Full Time: 100% It is anticipated this position requires work be performed in-person, onsite, at a designated campus work location.

Appointment Type, Duration:

Ongoing/Renewable

Anticipated Begin Date:

AUGUST 18, 2025

Negotiable ACADEMIC (9 months) The employee in this position can expect to receive benefits such as generous vacation, holidays, and paid time off; competitive insurances and savings accounts; retirement benefits.

Additional Information:

Diversity and inclusion are primary values for the Wisconsin School of Business and are integral to achieving our strategic goals. We seek candidates with an awareness of and commitment to the principles of diversity and inclusion across all spectrums. Our school is committed to continuously increasing the cultural competence of its staff and faculty members through school-wide forums and professional development opportunities.

How to Apply:

To ensure full consideration, complete applications must be received by no later than October 15, 2024. However, the position will remain open, and applications may be considered until the position is filled. Please complete the online application. You will be asked to include: - Cover Letter - Detailed curriculum vitae that includes a complete list of publications. - A single document containing research statement, teaching statement, existing published and/or working papers, including job market paper. - Names and contact information of three references. References will be contacted via email and asked to upload their letters of recommendations at the time of application submission. All materials must be submitted electronically in pdf format. NOTE: - Unless confidentiality is requested in your online application, information regarding the names of applicants must be released upon request. Finalists cannot be guaranteed confidentiality. - Electronic submissions are required. Employment will require an institutional reference check regarding any misconduct. To be considered, applicants must upload a signed 'Authorization to Release Information' form as part of the application. The authorization form and a definition of 'misconduct' can be found here: https://hr.wisc.edu/institutional-reference-check/

Se Yang [email protected] 608-263-2975 Relay Access (WTRS): 7-1-1. See RELAY_SERVICE for further information.

Official Title:

Assistant Professor(FA040)

Department(s):

A12-WISCONSIN SCH OF BUSINESS/MANAGEMENT & HR

Employment Class:

Job number:, the university of wisconsin-madison is an equal opportunity and affirmative action employer..

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Training Ph.D. Candidates for Peer Support Roles

As a young institution in the University of California system, UC Merced has placed a strong emphasis on serving students who are the first in their families to pursue graduate education.

With its strong commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion, UC Merced’s Graduate Division has created a supportive environment for students from all backgrounds by implementing several programs and policies, including a peer mentoring initiative designed for incoming graduate students.

The Grad EXCEL Peer Mentoring program began in 2017 with the goal of providing support to first-year Ph.D. students, to enhance a sense of community and belonging, as well as improve persistence in their graduate programs.

In its original form, Grad EXCEL consisted of graduate program chairs nominating senior graduate students to act as mentors.

“As the campus’s graduate programs have matured and the student community has nearly doubled in size, there is now a need to ensure that the peer mentors are well-prepared, supported and equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to provide effective mentoring,” Associate Graduate Dean Sayantani Ghosh said. “In 2023, Graduate Division overhauled Grad EXCEL and we now accept applications from all interested graduate students.”

Also, selected peer mentors receive a structured and standardized training program consisting of monthly workshops led by Graduate Academic Counselor Maria Nishanian, who is trained by the Center for the Improvement of Mentored Experiences in Research.

The training emphasizes that effective mentoring not only supports the mentee but also fosters the personal and professional growth of the mentor. Upon completion of this program, peer mentors get a digital badge that can be displayed on LinkedIn and similar platforms.

A survey of the first cohort of peer mentors highlighted numerous benefits from formal training. Many found analyzing real-world scenarios and hearing diverse perspectives from other mentors extremely insightful and helpful for improving their own mentoring approaches.

“Being part of a community of peer mentors and learning from their varied experiences across different departments was also highly valuable,” Nishanian said. “Discussions around practical concepts and techniques such as aligning expectations, maintaining effective communication, individual development plans and mentoring contracts and tools were seen as useful takeaways.”

For those interested, applications for 2024-2025 Grad EXCEL peer mentors are now open.

Brenda Ortiz

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Office: (209) 228-4203

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SCARP PhD Meghna Mohandas' Public Scholars Initiative award

August 6, 2024

We're proud to celebrate that PhD candidate Meghna Mohandas has been awarded by UBC's Public Scholars Initiative! 

During Mohandas' time at SCARP, we've celebrated many of her insights, accomplishments, and accolades already. Now, this new funding award marks the beginning of extraordinary research to come.

About the Public Scholars Initiative

UBC’s Public Scholars Initiative (PSI) supports UBC doctoral students whose research extended beyond the academy, and beyond traditional disciplinary approaches, to have a tangible impact for the public good through collaborative, action-oriented, and/or creative forms of scholarship in their dissertation work. The almost-350 Public Scholars accepted into the program over the last 9 years have sought to address complex questions and challenges of our world through collaborations with more than 200 different partners in all societal sectors in dozens of countries worldwide.

A groundbreaking undertaking, the PSI moves beyond ‘skills training’ and extracurricular experience, and reimagines PhD pathways that legitimize and integrate broader conceptions of scholarship and scholarly products within the core of doctoral education and dissertation research. By recognizing these forms and products as worthy determinants of the granting of the PhD, UBC is promoting a renewed commitment to 21st century relevance for the academy’s highest degree. The program's funding supports everything from technology development to protection of old-growth forests.

Coming from almost all faculties and disciplines, Public Scholars are united under the PSI umbrella with a passion to contribute to the public good.

On Meghna Mohandas

During her time as PhD candidate at UBC SCARP, Meghna has studied Rental Housing as Sites of 'Othering'.

In the absence of public rental housing, the private rental market addresses a key housing need of migrant communities in urban India. However, for Indigenous migrant women from the Northeast Indian borderlands and Himalayan foothills who live in the metropolitan city of Bengaluru, India, their rental houses are spaces where they experience racial harassment, sexual violence, and intrusive surveillance by landlords. 

In her doctoral research, Meghna uses qualitative research methods to analyse how power dynamics within landlord-tenant relationships shape rental housing experiences of Indigenous migrant women, and how they navigate and resist their marginalisation in the private rental housing market.

Meghna Mohandas' newly funded research

"private space as sites of ‘othering’:  rental housing experiences of indigenous migrant women in bengaluru, india".

The focus on home ownership in the post-liberalization period has resulted in an absence of public and purpose built rental housing in India. Therefore, individual landlords in the private rental market are the primary source of housing for migrant communities in the country (Naik, 2019). However, there is also a lack of policies that protect the safety and privacy of tenants, particularly those from minority communities (Pati, 2022). In my doctoral research, I explore the rental housing experiences of Indigenous migrant women from the Northeast Indian borderlands and Himalayan foothills who live in metropolitan Indian cities. 

For migrant women, rental houses are spaces where they experience racial harassment, sexual violence, and intrusive surveillance by landlords. Marginalization of Indigenous people in metropolitan Indian cities is primarily rooted in racism. Despite being Indian citizens, they are often dislocated from the ‘Indian’ identity due to their phenotypes (Wouters & Subba, 2013). Indigenous women in particular have been racialized, hyper-sexualized, and stereotyped as ‘loose’ and ‘sexually promiscuous’ by mainland Indians. Moral anxieties pertaining to their bodies have subjected them to ‘othering’ in urban India (McDuie-Ra, 2012). While this often translates into racialized and sexualized violence in public spaces (Puri, 2006) and their workplaces (Deori & Rajagopalan, 2018), my research focuses on how marginalization manifests inside their rental houses. I have chosen as my study site the city of Bengaluru, which is one of the top six metropolitan destinations for Indigenous migrant women in India (The Hindu, 2021).

The objectives of my research are to:

analyse how power dynamics shape rental housing experiences of Indigenous migrant women in Bengaluru, 

understand how they navigate and resist their marginalization in the private rental housing market, and 

formulate better policy approaches for planners to address rental housing issues of marginalized communities in India. 

With the support of the Public Scholars Initiative (PSI) award, I will be producing a document with policy recommendations on formulating more inclusive tenant protection policies for migrant communities in India. I will develop this document using the empirical qualitative evidence produced through my doctoral research. This output will demonstrate how research findings through qualitative methods can produce more inclusive housing and urban policies. The primary intended audiences are research organizations, policy makers, and think-tanks in India.

Congratulations, Meghna! We can't wait for your research to take shape.

Latest Related News

Scarp alumni receive cip emerging planner award, scarp wraps up its vancouver summer program and says farewell to our visiting planning keeners, scarp students create sustainable-transport startup project.

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Kim and Park awarded Garfield Dissertation Fellowships

Doctoral candidates Jenna Kim and Jaihyun Park have received 2024 Eugene Garfield Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship Awards from Beta Phi Mu, the international honor society for library and information studies. Up to six recipients are selected annually for this prestigious award, which is a national competition among doctoral students who are working on their dissertations. The amount awarded for each fellowship is $3,000.

Kim successfully defended her dissertation, "Implementing Pre-trained Language Modeling Approaches for Author Name Disambiguation," on June 11. Her committee included Jana Diesner (chair), affiliate associate professor in the iSchool and professor at Technical University of Munich; Professor Bertram Ludäscher; Associate Professor Vetle Ingvald Torvik; and Assistant Professor Haohan Wang. The abstract reads as follows:

Distinguishing between different authors who share the same names or identifying instances where different names refer to the same individual remains a persistent challenge in bibliometric research. This complexity impedes accurate cataloging and indexing in digital libraries, affecting the integrity of academic databases and the reliability of scholarship evaluation based on bibliographic data. This dissertation delves into applying pre-trained language models for author name disambiguation within scholarly databases and identifying its potential and limitations compared to traditional machine learning approaches. The findings confirm that pre-trained language models significantly outperform traditional approaches, particularly regarding recall and F1 scores, demonstrating their ability to handle complex linguistic patterns and contextual cues vital for accurately differentiating between authors with similar names.

Park successfully defended his dissertation, "A Computational Approach Toward Understanding Political Language of Ideologically Opposing Groups - From Historical Newspapers to Social Media," on June 4. His committee included Associate Professor Ryan Cordell (chair); Professor Ted Underwood; Assistant Professor JooYoung Seo; and JungHwan Yang, assistant professor in the U of I Department of Communication. The abstract reads as follows:

Motivated by ever-increasing polarization in the United States, this dissertation investigates how people of opposing viewpoints engage in political battles by taking advantage of computational approaches such as Natural Language Processing (NLP) and network analysis. The problem of slavery from the antebellum period to the Civil War and the racism toward Asian workers who migrated to the United States after abolition created a deep chasm in the United States. In addition, “dividing us from them” explains contemporary politics and creates obstacles to increase polarization. Connecting different time periods under the big theme of analyzing a divided society, this dissertation compares the difference between the discourse communities and how their political stance toward (1) slavery, (2) racism, and (3) voter fraud claims in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election is reflected in their language. Taken together, it bridges the gap between studies on racially and politically divided society and computational methods, and it contributes to the field of digital humanities and computational social science. 

Upon completion of his dissertation, Park joined the Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. Kim will join the faculty of the University of Alabama College of Communication & Information Sciences this fall.

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PhD Student vs Graduate Student [Correct terminologies]

As you progress down the academic pathway it can become confusing to work out what the appropriate terminology is for your current level of education. Is it PhD student? Is it graduate student? Is the PhD student the same as a graduate? Well, this article will answer all your questions.

Graduate student is an umbrella term for someone with an undergraduate qualification (bachelors, diploma), they are often performing graduate research in a Masters or PhD program. All PhD students are graduate students but not all graduate students are PhD students.

To fully get our heads around each of these definitions, we need to understand exactly what each term really means.

This is where we can look at the actual definitions of PhD student vs graduate student.

Definition of PhD student

A PhD student is someone who is currently enrolled in a doctorate degree program and is in the early stages of their course.

Some institutions require students to undergo a coursework component of their graduate program and are called a PhD student .

After the completion of the coursework component, with the research component still to go, they can be called a PhD candidate .

Definition of Graduate student

A graduate student is a known for a student who continues their studies after completion of their undergraduate degree.

The Cambridge dictionary defines it as:

A student who is studying for a degree that is higher than the one received after four years of study at a college or university.

Who is considered a graduate student?

Graduate students can include:

• Masters students
• PhD students
• Professional Masters
• Graduate academic certificate programs
• undergraduate/graduate hybrid degree programs

Even if you have got an undergraduate degree, there are many more options for you to obtain many more qualifications and build on your education. In these instances, you will be known as a graduate student.

Is a PhD student a graduate student?

Yes, a PhD student is a graduate student.

They have spent up to 4 years in their undergraduate programs in order to qualify for admission into a PhD program.

PhD students are able to call themselves graduate students but many choose to refer to themselves as PhD students or candidates.

Is PhD the same as graduate?

A PhD is the highest education attainable as a graduate.

In order to obtain a PhD one must graduate from an undergraduate degree. From the moment of graduating in their undergraduate degree they are known as a graduate.

The order of becoming a PhD from a graduate is shown in the table below. It also includes what happens after you get a PhD.

Is a doctoral student the same as a PhD student?

Strictly speaking, a PhD student is someone who is pursuing a doctor of philosophy.

A PhD student is a type of doctoral student but not all doctoral students are PhD students. Anyone aiming to achieve the title of ‘Dr’ is a doctoral student.

There are many other different types of doctoral students including:

• Doctor of Arts (DA)
• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Design (DDes)
• Doctor of Engineering or Engineering Science (DEng, DESc, DES)
• Doctor of Education (EdD)
• Doctor of Fine Arts (DFA.)
• Doctor of Juridical Science (JSD, SJD)
• Doctor of Musical Arts (DMA)
• Doctor of Music Education (DME)
• Doctor of Modern Languages (DML)
• Doctor of Nursing Science (DNSc)
• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
• Doctor of Public Health (DPH)
• Doctor of Sacred Theology (STD)
• Doctor of Science (DSc, ScD)
• Doctor of Theology (ThD)

There are also professional degrees that lead to the person being called Doctor. These professional degrees result in honorific doctor titles, including those found in the table below.

In my 15 years in academia, I would only really refer to someone as a PhD student. However, if someone was to introduce themselves as a doctoral student I would understand them to be a PhD student.

Wrapping up

In this article, we have learned the difference between PhD student vs graduate student.

In summary, a graduate student is an umbrella term that includes anyone that has done an undergraduate qualification and is continuing their education. It includes Masters students, PhD students and others.

All PhD students are graduate students but not all graduate students are PhD students.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

Thank you for visiting Academia Insider.

We are here to help you navigate Academia as painlessly as possible. We are supported by our readers and by visiting you are helping us earn a small amount through ads and affiliate revenue - Thank you!

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Pain Management

Jessica Wojick, doctoral candidate in the Department of Biology, examines the inner workings of chronic pain, and how to mitigate the suffering of those who are afflicted.

“How many of you have ever stepped on a Lego?” Jessica Wojick asked a crowd at a recent lecture. Two follow-up questions: Did you recoil at the thought of that? Or re-live the “ouch” moment in your head? If you did, “that’s because pain is complicated,” says Wojick, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Biology. It can feel like a mortal enemy and can also serve as protector.

But what governs pain? What processes do the body and mind undergo when they experience—and cope—with it?

Jessica Wojick is a doctoral candidate in the lab of Penn Medicine’s Gregory Corder, an assistant professor of psychiatry. (Image: Courtesy Jessica Wojick)

“If you touch a hot stove, it will activate specialized neurons in the peripheral nervous system called nociceptors, and those nociceptors will send a signal to your spinal cord, which will then eventually send a signal to the brain,” says Wojick. “Even with something as simple as sitting in one position in your chair for too long, nociceptors can become activated, which unconsciously tells you to shift your body to avoid putting too much pressure on a particular joint. This is how we learn about our environment, like what to avoid, and it also allows us to learn to rest and recover when we do have an injury.”

Wojick breaks down the experience of pain into three component stages: sensory, cognitive, and emotional. The sensory component derives from the physiological response—the pinching sting of a bee, for instance—while the cognitive aspect is how the brain reasons through the trauma and how to potentially avoid it in the future. Finally, there is the emotional component: This hurts. How do I deal with it moving forward?

That third stage, the emotional component, is where Wojick’s research enters the picture, as she tries to understand how we might allay the suffering of people experiencing chronic pain.

A Personal Journey

Wojick was fascinated by the sciences early on and initially coupled this with a love of animals. She started down the veterinary track during her undergraduate studies at the University of Pittsburgh, and while she felt right at home working with the animals, it was the underlying research that lit a fire in her. Subsequent neuroscience classes and independent research pushed a fascination with the behavioral sciences to the fore.

When it comes to conquering pain in a controlled manner that doesn’t interfere with the body’s protective instincts, what has Wojick found to be one of the most promising solutions? Light, it turns out. 

When Wojick eventually landed at Penn for her doctoral studies, she researched opioid use disorder and depression in the lab of Julie Blendy, a professor of pharmacology in the Perelman School of Medicine, before transitioning to Professor of Biology Marc Schmidt’s lab, where she studied the neurobiology and mating behavior of songbirds. Wojick then discovered an appointment in the lab of Penn Medicine’s Gregory Corder, an assistant professor of psychiatry, which seemed to combine all her previous interests—and touched upon her own personal experience, too.

“The lab, which focused on the neurobiology of pain, had just opened, and I became really interested in that, particularly because I suffer with chronic pain myself, as does one in five people,” says Wojick. “Also, around that same time, my grandmother was at the end of her journey with cancer, and she was really struggling with chronic pain. And so it just became very apparent to me that the medications that we had currently were not sufficient to help people in severe pain.”

Tracking Pain’s Neurological Origins

Though the majority of Wojick’s research is done using mouse models, she sees potential down the line for interventions that could aid people in chronic pain, like her grandmother was. The research itself centers on a specific region in the brain closely associated with the emotional stage of pain: the amygdala.

This association was famously highlighted in a procedure performed in the mid-20th century on a patient named Henry Molaison—best known as H.M.—who underwent a temporal lobectomy to combat severe seizures. Afterwards, Molaison presented a deficiency in his emotional pain response when heated probes were tested on his skin: He did not describe any as painful, no matter how hot they were.

Wojick is trying to understand what happens in situations like with Molaison, as well as what occurs in the brain in positive or rewarding situations, such as imbibing a sweet drink. “When neurons are active, they fire action potentials, and this involves a change in the electrical potential of the cell,” says Wojick. “When this firing occurs, there’s a big influx of calcium into the cell. Through the use of a tool that can detect this calcium using fluorescence, we can get a sense for how active the cells are.”

To do this, Wojick records what’s going on in these cells, monitoring the axon—a portion of the neuron—activity from the amygdala to another brain region called the nucleus accumbens. This provides a better understanding of how the activity of these cells changes in acute and chronic pain and informs how to potentially apply techniques that mitigate such pain.

An “On/Off” Switch for Pain

When it comes to conquering pain in a controlled manner that doesn’t interfere with the body’s protective instincts, what has Wojick found to be one of the most promising solutions? Light, it turns out. Specifically, a technique called optogenetics that acts as a sort of “protein light switch,” says Wojick. Derived from algae, these genetic proteins turn off the active “pain” cells when light is shone on them.

The introduction of this light can effectively shut off the emotional response to pain—the “ouch” response—without doing the same to the sensory component, which is important in teaching us what is and isn’t safe for our bodies, she explains. Though humans can modulate pain to an extent—for example, when voluntarily undergoing acupuncture, tattooing, or, as Wojick highlights, a performer walking on a bed of nails—pain is still foundationally critical to human existence, acting as an instinctual learning mechanism for dangers to avoid.

Rare cases of genetic mutations have shown that those incapable of experiencing pain can be in constant danger of injury, because they lack this sensory response. This is something that occurs even in patients like Molaison, who react to pain with reflex, even though pain’s unpleasantness isn’t “felt.” Optogenetics and other promising drugs and therapies that target cells in the amygdala remove the emotional component, leaving alone the body’s natural sensory response. The hope is that the techniques will continue to advance, providing customized pain treatment for those with chronic symptoms.

Looking to the future, Wojick says these techniques also have the potential to treat complex conditions. “Currently, there are some patients who use deep electrical brain stimulation,” she says. “They already have implants that stimulate dopamine neurons in their brain, but it would be beneficial if we could develop less invasive techniques to target brain cells that show pathological activity, whether in diseases like Parkinson’s or in chronic pain disorders.”

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Share with your students: Apply for the Fulbright U.S. Student Program by Aug. 29

August 6, 2024 (Last updated: August 7, 2024 )

Please encourage your outstanding graduate students who would be strong candidates to apply for the Fulbright U.S. Student Program   and encourage them to take the steps below as soon as possible as competitive proposals take time to plan and draft. The deadline to open an application for ASU’s endorsement is Thursday, August 29, 2024.

In our efforts to recruit high-quality ASU applicants for Fulbright awards, the Lorraine W. Frank Office of National Scholarships Advisement invites outstanding graduate students to schedule an intake appointment  to conduct research, advance an artistic portfolio, teach english or study abroad. In particular, a Fulbright award can greatly advance a thesis or dissertation that could benefit from conducting research abroad. 

We appreciate your partnership and work to foster Fulbright’s mission of increasing mutual understanding, building lasting connections and advancing knowledge.

To learn more about graduate students’ experiences while on Fulbright, please read these recent interviews with graduate students who received a Fulbright award for the 2023-24 grant cycle: 

• Patrick Fahey, doctoral degree in anthropology (archeology), Open Study/Research Award in South Africa
• Collin Frank, master’s degree in political science, English Teaching Assistant Award in Armenia 
• David Gowey, doctoral degree in anthropology (sociocultural), Open Study/Research Award in the Philippines

About Fulbright

The Fulbright Program offers graduate students grants to research or study in more than 140 countries. ASU is a top-producing school of Fulbright grantees, thanks to your support, mentorship and referrals.

Fulbright grantees come from all academic backgrounds and represent a diverse cohort of learners ranging from STEM to the performing arts. With your help, we hope to attract the strongest possible pool of applicants in order to bring people and nations closer together. We are specifically looking for graduate students who:

• Are currently enrolled graduate students.
• Are U.S. citizens.
• Thrive in unstructured or unfamiliar environments and have sought external professional development opportunities (e.g., study abroad, internships, conferences, research).
• Demonstrate ambassadorial qualities and have a strong desire to bridge cultures and communities.
• Demonstrate qualities associated with research and related academic engagement.
• Demonstrate “mature, artistic direction” in their work in the arts.

Foreign language proficiency is often not required, but helpful.  Students interested in Fulbright should schedule one of the following appointments as soon as possible, as the deadline to open an application for ASU’s endorsement is Thursday, August 29, 2024. 

• For students interested in  conducting independent research or advancing their artistic work , please  schedule a “Fulbright Research or Arts Intake” appointment. 
• For students interested in  teaching english abroad , please  schedule a “Fulbright ETA Intake” appointment. 
• For students interested in  pursuing a graduate degree abroad,  such as a one-year Master’s program, please  schedule a “Fulbright Graduate Degree Award Intake” appointment. 

Please send any questions to Mitch Hobza, senior program manager for deistinguished graduate fellowships, at  [email protected] .

Apply to the Fulbright U.S. Student Program by Thursday, August 29, 2024.