law related extended essay

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Law Extended Essay Topics and Tips

• Comparative Analysis of Privacy Laws: The EU’s GDPR vs. California’s CCPA.
• The Evolution and Impact of Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Age.
• Understanding the Legal Implications of Brexit on Trade and Immigration.
• The Role and Effectiveness of International Law in Preventing Genocides.
• Legal Analysis of Euthanasia Policies Across Different Jurisdictions.
• Exploring the Intersection of Law and Ethics in Medical Malpractice Cases.
• Impact of International Treaties on Domestic Environmental Protection Laws.
• The Challenges of Enforcing Cybercrime Laws: A Comparative Study.
• The Role of International Law in Regulating Space Exploration and Exploitation.
• Assessing the Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Programs in Criminal Law.
• Legal Perspectives on AI and Robotics: Rights, Responsibilities, and Regulations.
• Historical Analysis of Discrimination Laws: From Segregation to Equality.
• The Legality and Ethics of Surveillance Programs in Counter-terrorism Efforts.
• Examining the Legal Dimensions of Refugee Rights and International Responsibilities.
• Challenges and Reforms in Patent Laws with the Rise of Biotechnological Inventions.
• Analysis of Laws Protecting Whistleblowers: Benefits, Loopholes, and Consequences.
• Examining the Legal Framework and Controversies Surrounding Offshore Tax Havens.
• Child Rights and Adoption Laws: A Comparative Study of Developed vs. Developing Countries.
• The Implications and Legalities of Censorship Laws on Freedom of Speech.
• Exploring the Relationship Between Indigenous Rights and National Laws in Settler Colonial States.

Law Extended Essay is an assignment that requires a student to write a 4,000-word research paper on a specific topic related to law. The essay will be assessed by IB examiners according to the criteria outlined in the subject guide. This paper provides an opportunity for students to demonstrate their knowledge of a particular legal concept or area of law and to develop their research, critical thinking and writing skills.

The IB Law EE also allows students to explore a particular legal concept in more depth and gain an understanding of how it applies in various contexts. Students should be encouraged to think critically about the law, analyze arguments and present evidence. When writing an IB Law EE, students should also consider how their research relates to the wider legal field.

In order to succeed in the EE, students must conduct extensive research on their chosen topic and develop an in-depth understanding of the legal principles involved. As well as researching the relevant case law and legislation, students should also interpret and analyze the materials to form strong arguments. Most importantly, students must learn to structure their arguments effectively in order to ensure that the essay meets the assessment criteria.

Overall, the International Baccalaureate Law Extended Essay offers a great opportunity to all students interested in law. By completing the essay, students can develop their research, critical thinking and writing skills, gain a deep understanding of their chosen legal concept, and demonstrate their commitment to the legal profession.

"If you're struggling with your law extended essay, you're not alone. Many students find it challenging to tackle this type of essay due to its complexity and the amount of research involved. However, there is a solution available that can make the process easier and less stressful: the IB Writing Service​ like IB Student Help. One possible difficulty you might encounter when working on your law extended essay is choosing a suitable topic . With the help of IB Student Help, you can brainstorm ideas and select a topic that aligns with your interests and skills. Another difficulty you might face is creating an effective outline. This is where IB Student Help can come in handy as well. They can guide you through the process of creating a structured outline that covers all the key points you want to make in your essay. Finally, writing, editing, and proofreading your law extended essay can be a daunting task, especially if you're not confident in your writing skills. IB Student Help has a team of experienced writers who can help you with all aspects of the writing process, ensuring that your essay is well-written, well-structured, and error-free. In short, if you're struggling with your law extended essay , consider reaching out to IB Student Help for assistance. Their writing service can help you overcome the difficulties you might encounter and produce a high-quality essay that meets all the requirements of the IB program." Valerie from IBStudentHelp.com

Outline of the Content of an IB Law EE

An IB Law Extended Essay (EE) should contain between 4,000 and 6,000 words of original research. It should focus on a specific area of law, framed by a topic or question that is supported by evidence from primary and/or secondary sources. When writing an IB Law EE, it is important to provide a clear outline of the content that will be included.

The paper should have a logical structure and flow, beginning with an introduction that introduces the topic and ends with a conclusion that provides a summary of the main points. In between these two sections, the student should include three body paragraphs that discuss evidence to support the argument.

• Introduction – A brief background of the topic and the main point of the paper.
• Body Paragraph 1 – Evidence to support the main argument.
• Body Paragraph 2 – Additional evidence to further support the main argument.
• Body Paragraph 3 – Additional evidence to further support the main argument.
• Conclusion – Summary of the main points of the paper.

Each body paragraph of an IB Law EE should begin with a topic sentence that sets out the issue being discussed in the paragraph. This should be followed by evidence to support the argument and then a conclusion that links the evidence back to the argument. Additionally, the student should ensure that the entire paper is connected through the use of transitional words and phrases.

Finally, it is important to remember that a well-written outline is the first step in writing a successful IB Law EE. Having a clear structure and organization will make it easier to write the paper and make sure that it meets the criteria for assessment.

Overview of the IB EE Assessment Criteria

An International Baccalaureate (IB) Extended Essay (EE) is a written assignment which must be completed in order to obtain an IB diploma. It requires detailed research and excellent writing skills. The assessment criteria for the essay are set by the International Baccalaureate Organisation in order to ensure that all students have a fair opportunity to succeed.

The IB EE assessment criteria consists of four categories:

• Research question
• Introduction
• Investigation

The research question is the main focus of an IB EE and must meet certain criteria. In the introduction, the student must provide the background to their topic and explain the research methods used in their investigation. During the investigation, the student must analyse the data they have collected and provide evidence to support their claims. Finally, in their conclusion, they must present a summary of their findings and explain the significance of their work.

In each of these categories, the IB markers are looking for good structure, relevant sources and evidence for original thought. Additionally, the essay must be written to a high standard, with clear use of English language, grammar, punctuation and spelling.

Overall, the assessment criteria for an IB EE is designed to assess a student’s ability to conduct an in-depth analysis of their chosen subject. Thus, it is important that students undertake their research methodically, write well, and understand the key requirements of the assessment criteria in order to achieve the highest mark possible for their EE.

Tips on Choosing a Topic for an IB Law EE

Writing an IB Law Extended Essay (EE) can be a daunting task. Choosing the right topic for your EE is a crucial step that will determine the success of your paper. Here are some tips on how to choose an appropriate topic:

• Think about what interests you, and how you can apply it to an area of law.
• Research the latest court decisions, legislation, and international treaties in the field of law that interest you.
• Focus on a particular issue, case study, or current event related to the field of law that you are researching.
• Don’t pick something too narrow or too broad for the scope of your EE. Aim for specificity, but also make sure your topic is interesting and engaging.
• Do the necessary research to ensure the topic is still relevant to current legal issues.
• Take into account the available resources and evidence that you can use to support your argument.
• Consider the assessment criteria when selecting a topic. Make sure that the EE topic is able to meet the criteria.

By following these tips, you can be sure that you have chosen a suitable topic for your IB Law EE. Research your topic thoroughly and ensure that you have a good understanding of the area of law before you begin your writing. Good luck with your project!

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Advice on Researching an IB Law EE Topic

When researching for your International Baccalaureate Law Extended Essay , it is essential that you ensure that your research is accurate, up-to-date, and of a high quality. To ensure this, there are some key steps that you should follow:

• Plan Ahead: Make sure you allocate enough time to carry out your research so you don’t run out of time. It can take longer than expected to find the right sources.
• Choose Reliable Sources: It’s important to use reliable sources such as peer-reviewed journals, books and credible websites. Avoid using Wikipedia as it doesn’t give reliable information.
• Make Notes as You Go Along: As soon as you start researching your topic, make notes of the main points from each source. This will help you to remember what you read, and make it easier to cite your sources accurately in your essay.
• Formulate Your Own Ideas: The International Baccalaureate EE wants to see the student’s own views and interpretations, so make sure you include original ideas backed up by relevant evidence.

By following these steps, you should be able to find the best reliable sources for your IB Law EE and produce a well-researched essay that will gain the highest marks.

When it comes to writing an International Baccalaureate Law Extended Essay (IB Law EE), the structure of your paper is almost as important as the content. An effective essay should be well-organized and easy to follow, helping the reader understand how the various components are related and how they contribute to your overall argument. Here are some strategies to help you organize and structure your IB Law EE.

Start With an Outline: Before you start writing, create an outline of your paper that contains the key points and arguments you want to make. This will help give your essay a cohesive, logical flow and make the writing process easier.

Include an Introduction: Every paper should begin with an introduction that provides the reader with some context and describes the issue or topic the essay is about. It should also include a thesis statement that clearly states the main argument and purpose of the essay.

Organize Your Arguments: Once you have written your introduction, you should organize the body of your essay so that each argument is presented in its own section. Each section should contain a few paragraphs that support the point and include evidence to back up the argument.

Include Supporting Evidence: To make sure your essay is persuasive, include evidence such as facts, statistics, and quotes from experts or other sources that support your argument. This evidence should be presented in a way that is easily understandable, and you should avoid including too much information that isn’t necessary.

Write a Conclusion: After you have finished presenting your arguments, you should write a conclusion that sums up your main points and reiterates the thesis. The conclusion should leave the reader with a sense of closure, and it should also present your final thoughts and ideas about the topic.

By following these strategies, you can ensure that your essay is well-structured and organized. This will make your paper easier to read and more persuasive, increasing your chances of getting a good grade.

How to Make Sure Your IB Law EE Meets the Assessment Criteria

When completing an International Baccalaureate (IB) Law Extended Essay, it’s important to meet the assessment criteria set out by the IB. Doing so will ensure that your essay meets the standards and expectations for the IB program. Here are some helpful tips for making sure your extended essay meets these standards.

Understand the Criteria

The assessment criteria are divided into five categories: focus and method, knowledge and understanding, critical thinking, presentation, and engagement. Make sure you understand each of these criteria and what they entail. The best way to do this is to review the official IB guidelines on extended essays, as well as example essays which have been assessed. This will give you a better idea of what is expected and how to approach each section of your essay.

Plan Ahead and Be Organized

Start your research and writing process early on and create a timeline with goals that you should reach at certain points during the writing process. Make sure to break the essay down into smaller tasks and assign dates to each task to ensure you stay on track. Additionally, make sure to use good organizational techniques such as taking detailed notes, creating outlines for each section of your essay, and scheduling regular check-ins with your supervisor.

Follow Directions

Make sure to pay close attention to the instructions for your essay and follow them precisely. This includes the number of words required and the formatting guidelines. If you fail to follow the instructions, your essay may receive a lower grade.

Get Feedback

Throughout the process, ask your supervisor or other mentors for feedback. Make sure toShow your work to others and receive constructive criticism. This is especially important when you’re close to finishing as it can help identify errors or omissions which could affect your grade.

By following the tips outlined above, you can make sure that your IB Law Extended Essay meets the assessment criteria . Good luck!

Examples of Good IB Law EE Topics

Choosing a good topic for an International Baccalaureate Law Extended Essay (IB Law EE) can be a daunting task. It is important to make sure the topic chosen is interesting, relevant and challenging. Here are some examples of potential good topics that can be used when creating an IB Law EE:

• The Role of Evidence in a Criminal Case
• A Comparison of Jury System Across Different Countries
• The Impact of Human Rights Legislation on Society
• The Changing Relationship Between the Law and Technology
• The Impact of European Union Law on Nation States
• The Impact of International Trade Agreements on Developing Countries
• The Impact of Treaties on Human Rights
• An Analysis of Constitutionalism in Democracies
• The Impact of Copyright Law on Creativity
• The Role of the Legal System in Ensuring Social Justice

These example topics are just a starting point; once you have chosen the area you would like to research, you should narrow it down to a specific research question. This will then form the basis of your IB Law EE. Make sure to also consider your own interests, as this will help you write a better essay.

Remember to always check with your teacher or supervisor before you start researching your chosen topic. They will be able to give you guidance and advice specific to the extended essay you are writing. Good luck!

Get Help With Your Paper

Key terms and concepts in ib law ee.

The International Baccalaureate Law Extended Essay (IB Law EE) requires the use of certain terms and concepts that may be unfamiliar to some students. Having a basic understanding of these terms and concepts is essential for researching and writing an effective essay.

It is important to understand the main topics of IB Law and the type of legal issues these topics are comprised of. These topics include contract law, criminal law, human rights law, and public international law, among others. For each topic, there are several key terms and concepts which you should familiarize yourself with.

In particular, contract law involves the agreement between two parties regarding the sale and purchase of goods or services. The terms of the agreement include the seller’s obligations and the buyer’s rights, as well as any potential restrictions on the transaction. Understanding the fundamentals of contract law is important when researching and writing your IB Law EE.

Criminal law focuses on the prevention of harm and the punishment of offenders. Key concepts in this field include deterrence and rehabilitation. Human rights law, on the other hand, involves the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. These rights and freedoms include freedom of speech, the right to privacy, and the right to a fair trial, among many others.

Finally, public international law concerns the relationships between countries and the rules that apply when countries interact with one another. Examples of public international law include treaties, conventions, and customary international law.

By familiarizing yourself with key terms and concepts used in IB Law, you can develop a better understanding of the material and create a more effective essay.

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How to Make Sure the EE is Relevant to the Correct Subject

Writing an International Baccalaureate Law Extended Essay (IB Law EE) can be a challenging process. Before you even begin writing, you need to make sure that your essay is relevant to the correct subject. The International Baccalaureate provides specific requirements that apply to all extended essays, and it is important that you familiarize yourself with them before you begin.

The first step to ensuring that your essay is relevant to the correct subject is to determine the topic of your essay. Review the assessment criteria for IB Law EE, and carefully consider which topics are most appropriate for the essay. When selecting your topic, be sure to target a specific subject within law, such as criminal law, contract law, or environmental law. Once you have chosen a topic, research it thoroughly to ensure that the material you are writing on is relevant to the subject.

It is also important to be aware of the different types of writing styles used in law, such as analytical, persuasive, and descriptive. Each writing style has its own unique guidelines, and it is important to familiarize yourself with them before beginning your essay. Additionally, ensure that the language and terminologies used in the essay are applicable to the subject matter you are writing about.

Finally, double-check your sources and references to make sure that they are all accurate. You should conduct some additional research to ensure that your essay is backed up by facts and evidence that is pertinent to the topic. This will help to ensure that your essay is comprehensive and relevant to the subject.

By taking the time to review the assessment criteria and researching your topic thoroughly, you can rest assured that your essay will be relevant to the correct subject. Taking the time to understand the material and make sure that the essay meets the requirements set forth by the International Baccalaureate will help give your essay the best chance of success!

Tips on How to Avoid Plagiarism in an IB Law EE

Plagiarism is a big no-no when it comes to writing an International Baccalaureate Law Extended Essay (IB Law EE). Plagiarizing someone else’s work not only constitutes a serious academic offense, but it can ruin your reputation as a student and can even land you into legal trouble.

The good news is that plagiarism is fairly easy to avoid, as long as you are careful and conscientious. Here are a few tips to help you avoid plagiarism when writing your IB Law EE:

• Understand what plagiarism is. It is important to know the definition of plagiarism and recognize examples, so that you can consciously avoid any potential issues.
• Give credit where credit is due. Whenever you use outside information, make sure to acknowledge its source. This includes citing references for anything that isn’t your own original thought.
• Paraphrase, don’t copy. When talking about an idea from an outside source, it’s better to summarize or paraphrase the idea instead of copying and pasting the exact words.
• Create a subject-specific paper. Your IB Law EE should be original and reflect your own research and writing. Before you start, make sure your paper has a distinct focus that can’t be found elsewhere.
• Proofread your work. Make sure you double check every sentence and paragraph to ensure that all the information is cited properly and that nothing has been copied without proper attribution.

By following these tips, you will be well on your way to writing an original, plagiarism-free IB Law EE. As long as you take the time to properly cite sources, you can ensure that your paper is unique and thoughtful.

Summary and Conclusion

Having gone through the International Baccalaureate Law Extended Essay topics and tips, you should now have a better understanding of the expectations and requirements. Writing an IB Law EE can be daunting but it doesn’t need to be a stressful experience. With some thoughtful planning and research, you can write a well-structured, relevant and interesting essay that will meet the assessment criteria and help you get the grade you deserve.

The key points to remember are:

• Understand what your topic is asking for.
• Research your topic thoroughly.
• Ensure your essay structure is well thought out.
• Make sure your essay is written in correct language and grammar.
• Refer back to the assessment criteria throughout your writing.
• Check for any signs of plagiarism.

By following these tips and principles, you can give yourself the best chance to maximize your results and secure a good grade for your IB Law EE.

Nick Radlinsky

Nick Radlinsky is a devoted educator, marketing specialist, and management expert with more than 15 years of experience in the education sector. After obtaining his business degree in 2016, Nick embarked on a quest to achieve his PhD, driven by his commitment to enhancing education for students worldwide. His vast experience, starting in 2008, has established him as a reputable authority in the field.

Nick's article, featured in Routledge's " Entrepreneurship in Central and Eastern Europe: Development through Internationalization ," highlights his sharp insights and unwavering dedication to advancing the educational landscape. Inspired by his personal motto, "Make education better," Nick's mission is to streamline students' lives and foster efficient learning. His inventive ideas and leadership have contributed to the transformation of numerous educational experiences, distinguishing him as a true innovator in his field.

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In this article, we discuss the easiest and hardest extended essay subjects, providing insights to help you make an informed decision. From the creative freedom found in the Arts to the demanding nature of the Experimental Sciences, we break down into what makes a subject approachable or daunting.

Failed Your Extended Essay? What to Do?

In this article, I’ll consider the immediate steps you should take after receiving an EE score that didn’t meet your expectations. We’ll discuss how to analyze feedback effectively, manage your emotions, and consider whether a retake is the right choice for you. If a retake isn’t feasible, we’ll look at alternative paths that can still lead you to diploma success.

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The Complete IB Extended Essay Guide: Examples, Topics, and Ideas

International Baccalaureate (IB)

IB students around the globe fear writing the Extended Essay, but it doesn't have to be a source of stress! In this article, I'll get you excited about writing your Extended Essay and provide you with the resources you need to get an A on it.

If you're reading this article, I'm going to assume you're an IB student getting ready to write your Extended Essay. If you're looking at this as a potential future IB student, I recommend reading our introductory IB articles first, including our guide to what the IB program is and our full coverage of the IB curriculum .

IB Extended Essay: Why Should You Trust My Advice?

I myself am a recipient of an IB Diploma, and I happened to receive an A on my IB Extended Essay. Don't believe me? The proof is in the IBO pudding:

If you're confused by what this report means, EE is short for Extended Essay , and English A1 is the subject that my Extended Essay topic coordinated with. In layman's terms, my IB Diploma was graded in May 2010, I wrote my Extended Essay in the English A1 category, and I received an A grade on it.

What Is the Extended Essay in the IB Diploma Programme?

The IB Extended Essay, or EE , is a mini-thesis you write under the supervision of an IB advisor (an IB teacher at your school), which counts toward your IB Diploma (learn more about the major IB Diploma requirements in our guide) . I will explain exactly how the EE affects your Diploma later in this article.

For the Extended Essay, you will choose a research question as a topic, conduct the research independently, then write an essay on your findings . The essay itself is a long one—although there's a cap of 4,000 words, most successful essays get very close to this limit.

Keep in mind that the IB requires this essay to be a "formal piece of academic writing," meaning you'll have to do outside research and cite additional sources.

The IB Extended Essay must include the following:

• A title page
• Contents page
• Introduction
• Body of the essay
• References and bibliography

Additionally, your research topic must fall into one of the six approved DP categories , or IB subject groups, which are as follows:

• Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature
• Group 2: Language Acquisition
• Group 3: Individuals and Societies
• Group 4: Sciences
• Group 5: Mathematics
• Group 6: The Arts

Once you figure out your category and have identified a potential research topic, it's time to pick your advisor, who is normally an IB teacher at your school (though you can also find one online ). This person will help direct your research, and they'll conduct the reflection sessions you'll have to do as part of your Extended Essay.

As of 2018, the IB requires a "reflection process" as part of your EE supervision process. To fulfill this requirement, you have to meet at least three times with your supervisor in what the IB calls "reflection sessions." These meetings are not only mandatory but are also part of the formal assessment of the EE and your research methods.

According to the IB, the purpose of these meetings is to "provide an opportunity for students to reflect on their engagement with the research process." Basically, these meetings give your supervisor the opportunity to offer feedback, push you to think differently, and encourage you to evaluate your research process.

The final reflection session is called the viva voce, and it's a short 10- to 15-minute interview between you and your advisor. This happens at the very end of the EE process, and it's designed to help your advisor write their report, which factors into your EE grade.

Here are the topics covered in your viva voce :

• A check on plagiarism and malpractice
• Your reflection on your project's successes and difficulties
• Your reflection on what you've learned during the EE process

Your completed Extended Essay, along with your supervisor's report, will then be sent to the IB to be graded. We'll cover the assessment criteria in just a moment.

We'll help you learn how to have those "lightbulb" moments...even on test day!  

What Should You Write About in Your IB Extended Essay?

You can technically write about anything, so long as it falls within one of the approved categories listed above.

It's best to choose a topic that matches one of the IB courses , (such as Theatre, Film, Spanish, French, Math, Biology, etc.), which shouldn't be difficult because there are so many class subjects.

Here is a range of sample topics with the attached extended essay:

• Biology: The Effect of Age and Gender on the Photoreceptor Cells in the Human Retina
• Chemistry: How Does Reflux Time Affect the Yield and Purity of Ethyl Aminobenzoate (Benzocaine), and How Effective is Recrystallisation as a Purification Technique for This Compound?
• English: An Exploration of Jane Austen's Use of the Outdoors in Emma
• Geography: The Effect of Location on the Educational Attainment of Indigenous Secondary Students in Queensland, Australia
• Math: Alhazen's Billiard Problem
• Visual Arts: Can Luc Tuymans Be Classified as a Political Painter?

You can see from how varied the topics are that you have a lot of freedom when it comes to picking a topic . So how do you pick when the options are limitless?

How to Write a Stellar IB Extended Essay: 6 Essential Tips

Below are six key tips to keep in mind as you work on your Extended Essay for the IB DP. Follow these and you're sure to get an A!

#1: Write About Something You Enjoy

You can't expect to write a compelling essay if you're not a fan of the topic on which you're writing. For example, I just love British theatre and ended up writing my Extended Essay on a revolution in post-WWII British theatre. (Yes, I'm definitely a #TheatreNerd.)

I really encourage anyone who pursues an IB Diploma to take the Extended Essay seriously. I was fortunate enough to receive a full-tuition merit scholarship to USC's School of Dramatic Arts program. In my interview for the scholarship, I spoke passionately about my Extended Essay; thus, I genuinely think my Extended Essay helped me get my scholarship.

But how do you find a topic you're passionate about? Start by thinking about which classes you enjoy the most and why . Do you like math classes because you like to solve problems? Or do you enjoy English because you like to analyze literary texts?

Keep in mind that there's no right or wrong answer when it comes to choosing your Extended Essay topic. You're not more likely to get high marks because you're writing about science, just like you're not doomed to failure because you've chosen to tackle the social sciences. The quality of what you produce—not the field you choose to research within—will determine your grade.

Once you've figured out your category, you should brainstorm more specific topics by putting pen to paper . What was your favorite chapter you learned in that class? Was it astrophysics or mechanics? What did you like about that specific chapter? Is there something you want to learn more about? I recommend spending a few hours on this type of brainstorming.

One last note: if you're truly stumped on what to research, pick a topic that will help you in your future major or career . That way you can use your Extended Essay as a talking point in your college essays (and it will prepare you for your studies to come too!).

#2: Select a Topic That Is Neither Too Broad nor Too Narrow

There's a fine line between broad and narrow. You need to write about something specific, but not so specific that you can't write 4,000 words on it.

You can't write about WWII because that would be a book's worth of material. You also don't want to write about what type of soup prisoners of war received behind enemy lines, because you probably won’t be able to come up with 4,000 words of material about it. However, you could possibly write about how the conditions in German POW camps—and the rations provided—were directly affected by the Nazis' successes and failures on the front, including the use of captured factories and prison labor in Eastern Europe to increase production. WWII military history might be a little overdone, but you get my point.

If you're really stuck trying to pinpoint a not-too-broad-or-too-narrow topic, I suggest trying to brainstorm a topic that uses a comparison. Once you begin looking through the list of sample essays below, you'll notice that many use comparisons to formulate their main arguments.

I also used a comparison in my EE, contrasting Harold Pinter's Party Time with John Osborne's Look Back in Anger in order to show a transition in British theatre. Topics with comparisons of two to three plays, books, and so on tend to be the sweet spot. You can analyze each item and then compare them with one another after doing some in-depth analysis of each individually. The ways these items compare and contrast will end up forming the thesis of your essay!

When choosing a comparative topic, the key is that the comparison should be significant. I compared two plays to illustrate the transition in British theatre, but you could compare the ways different regional dialects affect people's job prospects or how different temperatures may or may not affect the mating patterns of lightning bugs. The point here is that comparisons not only help you limit your topic, but they also help you build your argument.

Comparisons are not the only way to get a grade-A EE, though. If after brainstorming, you pick a non-comparison-based topic and are still unsure whether your topic is too broad or narrow, spend about 30 minutes doing some basic research and see how much material is out there.

If there are more than 1,000 books, articles, or documentaries out there on that exact topic, it may be too broad. But if there are only two books that have any connection to your topic, it may be too narrow. If you're still unsure, ask your advisor—it's what they're there for! Speaking of advisors...

Don't get stuck with a narrow topic!

#3: Choose an Advisor Who Is Familiar With Your Topic

If you're not certain of who you would like to be your advisor, create a list of your top three choices. Next, write down the pros and cons of each possibility (I know this sounds tedious, but it really helps!).

For example, Mr. Green is my favorite teacher and we get along really well, but he teaches English. For my EE, I want to conduct an experiment that compares the efficiency of American electric cars with foreign electric cars.

I had Ms. White a year ago. She teaches physics and enjoyed having me in her class. Unlike Mr. Green, Ms. White could help me design my experiment.

Based on my topic and what I need from my advisor, Ms. White would be a better fit for me than would Mr. Green (even though I like him a lot).

The moral of my story is this: do not just ask your favorite teacher to be your advisor . They might be a hindrance to you if they teach another subject. For example, I would not recommend asking your biology teacher to guide you in writing an English literature-based EE.

There can, of course, be exceptions to this rule. If you have a teacher who's passionate and knowledgeable about your topic (as my English teacher was about my theatre topic), you could ask that instructor. Consider all your options before you do this. There was no theatre teacher at my high school, so I couldn't find a theatre-specific advisor, but I chose the next best thing.

Before you approach a teacher to serve as your advisor, check with your high school to see what requirements they have for this process. Some IB high schools require your IB Extended Essay advisor to sign an Agreement Form , for instance.

Make sure that you ask your IB coordinator whether there is any required paperwork to fill out. If your school needs a specific form signed, bring it with you when you ask your teacher to be your EE advisor.

#4: Pick an Advisor Who Will Push You to Be Your Best

Some teachers might just take on students because they have to and aren't very passionate about reading drafts, only giving you minimal feedback. Choose a teacher who will take the time to read several drafts of your essay and give you extensive notes. I would not have gotten my A without being pushed to make my Extended Essay draft better.

Ask a teacher that you have experience with through class or an extracurricular activity. Do not ask a teacher that you have absolutely no connection to. If a teacher already knows you, that means they already know your strengths and weaknesses, so they know what to look for, where you need to improve, and how to encourage your best work.

Also, don't forget that your supervisor's assessment is part of your overall EE score . If you're meeting with someone who pushes you to do better—and you actually take their advice—they'll have more impressive things to say about you than a supervisor who doesn't know you well and isn't heavily involved in your research process.

Be aware that the IB only allows advisors to make suggestions and give constructive criticism. Your teacher cannot actually help you write your EE. The IB recommends that the supervisor spends approximately two to three hours in total with the candidate discussing the EE.

#5: Make Sure Your Essay Has a Clear Structure and Flow

The IB likes structure. Your EE needs a clear introduction (which should be one to two double-spaced pages), research question/focus (i.e., what you're investigating), a body, and a conclusion (about one double-spaced page). An essay with unclear organization will be graded poorly.

The body of your EE should make up the bulk of the essay. It should be about eight to 18 pages long (again, depending on your topic). Your body can be split into multiple parts. For example, if you were doing a comparison, you might have one third of your body as Novel A Analysis, another third as Novel B Analysis, and the final third as your comparison of Novels A and B.

If you're conducting an experiment or analyzing data, such as in this EE , your EE body should have a clear structure that aligns with the scientific method ; you should state the research question, discuss your method, present the data, analyze the data, explain any uncertainties, and draw a conclusion and/or evaluate the success of the experiment.

#6: Start Writing Sooner Rather Than Later!

You will not be able to crank out a 4,000-word essay in just a week and get an A on it. You'll be reading many, many articles (and, depending on your topic, possibly books and plays as well!). As such, it's imperative that you start your research as soon as possible.

Each school has a slightly different deadline for the Extended Essay. Some schools want them as soon as November of your senior year; others will take them as late as February. Your school will tell you what your deadline is. If they haven't mentioned it by February of your junior year, ask your IB coordinator about it.

Some high schools will provide you with a timeline of when you need to come up with a topic, when you need to meet with your advisor, and when certain drafts are due. Not all schools do this. Ask your IB coordinator if you are unsure whether you are on a specific timeline.

Below is my recommended EE timeline. While it's earlier than most schools, it'll save you a ton of heartache (trust me, I remember how hard this process was!):

• January/February of Junior Year: Come up with your final research topic (or at least your top three options).
• February of Junior Year: Approach a teacher about being your EE advisor. If they decline, keep asking others until you find one. See my notes above on how to pick an EE advisor.
• April/May of Junior Year: Submit an outline of your EE and a bibliography of potential research sources (I recommend at least seven to 10) to your EE advisor. Meet with your EE advisor to discuss your outline.
• Summer Between Junior and Senior Year: Complete your first full draft over the summer between your junior and senior year. I know, I know—no one wants to work during the summer, but trust me—this will save you so much stress come fall when you are busy with college applications and other internal assessments for your IB classes. You will want to have this first full draft done because you will want to complete a couple of draft cycles as you likely won't be able to get everything you want to say into 4,000 articulate words on the first attempt. Try to get this first draft into the best possible shape so you don't have to work on too many revisions during the school year on top of your homework, college applications, and extracurriculars.
• August/September of Senior Year: Turn in your first draft of your EE to your advisor and receive feedback. Work on incorporating their feedback into your essay. If they have a lot of suggestions for improvement, ask if they will read one more draft before the final draft.
• September/October of Senior Year: Submit the second draft of your EE to your advisor (if necessary) and look at their feedback. Work on creating the best possible final draft.
• November-February of Senior Year: Schedule your viva voce. Submit two copies of your final draft to your school to be sent off to the IB. You likely will not get your grade until after you graduate.

Remember that in the middle of these milestones, you'll need to schedule two other reflection sessions with your advisor . (Your teachers will actually take notes on these sessions on a form like this one , which then gets submitted to the IB.)

I recommend doing them when you get feedback on your drafts, but these meetings will ultimately be up to your supervisor. Just don't forget to do them!

The early bird DOES get the worm!

How Is the IB Extended Essay Graded?

Extended Essays are graded by examiners appointed by the IB on a scale of 0 to 34 . You'll be graded on five criteria, each with its own set of points. You can learn more about how EE scoring works by reading the IB guide to extended essays .

• Criterion A: Focus and Method (6 points maximum)
• Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 points maximum)
• Criterion C: Critical Thinking (12 points maximum)
• Criterion D: Presentation (4 points maximum)
• Criterion E: Engagement (6 points maximum)

How well you do on each of these criteria will determine the final letter grade you get for your EE. You must earn at least a D to be eligible to receive your IB Diploma.

Although each criterion has a point value, the IB explicitly states that graders are not converting point totals into grades; instead, they're using qualitative grade descriptors to determine the final grade of your Extended Essay . Grade descriptors are on pages 102-103 of this document .

Here's a rough estimate of how these different point values translate to letter grades based on previous scoring methods for the EE. This is just an estimate —you should read and understand the grade descriptors so you know exactly what the scorers are looking for.

Here is the breakdown of EE scores (from the May 2021 bulletin):

How Does the Extended Essay Grade Affect Your IB Diploma?

The Extended Essay grade is combined with your TOK (Theory of Knowledge) grade to determine how many points you get toward your IB Diploma.

To learn about Theory of Knowledge or how many points you need to receive an IB Diploma, read our complete guide to the IB program and our guide to the IB Diploma requirements .

This diagram shows how the two scores are combined to determine how many points you receive for your IB diploma (3 being the most, 0 being the least). In order to get your IB Diploma, you have to earn 24 points across both categories (the TOK and EE). The highest score anyone can earn is 45 points.

Let's say you get an A on your EE and a B on TOK. You will get 3 points toward your Diploma. As of 2014, a student who scores an E on either the extended essay or TOK essay will not be eligible to receive an IB Diploma .

Prior to the class of 2010, a Diploma candidate could receive a failing grade in either the Extended Essay or Theory of Knowledge and still be awarded a Diploma, but this is no longer true.

Figuring out how you're assessed can be a little tricky. Luckily, the IB breaks everything down here in this document . (The assessment information begins on page 219.)

40+ Sample Extended Essays for the IB Diploma Programme

In case you want a little more guidance on how to get an A on your EE, here are over 40 excellent (grade A) sample extended essays for your reading pleasure. Essays are grouped by IB subject.

• Business Management 1
• Chemistry 1
• Chemistry 2
• Chemistry 3
• Chemistry 4
• Chemistry 5
• Chemistry 6
• Chemistry 7
• Computer Science 1
• Economics 1
• Design Technology 1
• Design Technology 2
• Environmental Systems and Societies 1
• Geography 1
• Geography 2
• Geography 3
• Geography 4
• Geography 5
• Geography 6
• Literature and Performance 1
• Mathematics 1
• Mathematics 2
• Mathematics 3
• Mathematics 4
• Mathematics 5
• Philosophy 1
• Philosophy 2
• Philosophy 3
• Philosophy 4
• Philosophy 5
• Psychology 1
• Psychology 2
• Psychology 3
• Psychology 4
• Psychology 5
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 1
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 2
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 3
• Sports, Exercise and Health Science 1
• Sports, Exercise and Health Science 2
• Visual Arts 1
• Visual Arts 2
• Visual Arts 3
• Visual Arts 4
• Visual Arts 5
• World Religion 1
• World Religion 2
• World Religion 3

What's Next?

Trying to figure out what extracurriculars you should do? Learn more about participating in the Science Olympiad , starting a club , doing volunteer work , and joining Student Government .

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Not sure where you want to go to college? Read our guide to finding your target school . Also, determine your target SAT score or target ACT score .

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100 IB Extended Essay Topic Ideas!

One of the biggest keys to the Extended Essay is choosing which subject you want to write your work in and developing that crucial research question. Read on to find inspiration for topics across a wide range of subjects.

Extended Essay: The Love/Hate aspect of the IB

One of the biggest keys to the Extended Essay is choosing which subject you want to write your work in and developing that crucial research question. Annoyingly, coming up with that idea and research question can be the toughest part of the entire process. Writing 4,000 words about something you are interested in is a big ask and it often feels impossible to narrow down your thoughts. To make everything super clear, here are 100 Extended Essay Topics for you to draw inspiration from! Use these as a springboard to create your own research question !

Get Support from A Top Tutor Today

At Lanterna we have over 300 tutors who smashed their Extended Essay. They know exactly how to get an A in your EE and can give you tips and tricks on how you can do the same. What are you waiting for? Get your own tutor today !

How to Begin Your IB Extended Essay

To make everything super clear, here are 100 Extended Essay Topics for you to draw inspiration from! Use these as a springboard to  create your own research question !

Get Support from a Top Tutor Today

At Lanterna, we have over 300 tutors who smashed their Extended Essay. They know exactly how to get an A in your EE and can give you tips and tricks on how you can do the same. What are you waiting for? Get your own tutor today!

10 Steps to Writing an Extended Essay

Before we look at specific topics for your essay, let’s recap the 10-steps you’ll need to follow to complete your extended essay.

1. Define the Topic and Draft the Research Question

2. Create a Timeline

3. Identify and gather Sources

4. Set Deadlines

5. Plan the structure according to the total word count

6. Evaluate

7. independent Research

8. Write the extended essay draft

10. Present

By following the steps above, you should be able to produce a logical and coherent rationale to follow when writing the extended essay for your IB diploma programme.

By starting with a solid research question, you’ll be able to put an extended essay of global significance together, from the research and writing process all the way through to your final submission with a favourable extended essay grade.

Below, we’re sharing 10 topics across 10 subjects to inspire your next IB extended essay.

1. How the change of habitat affects an X organism?

2. How does climate affect the growth of X plant?

3. Can photosynthesis take place without sunlight?

4. What is the effect of age and gender on the photoreceptor cells in the human retina?

5. How is climate change impacting the appearance of coral reefs?

6. An evaluation of how  antioxidants  work in our bodies?

7. Does hand sanitizer, hand soap or antibacterial wipes have the greatest ability to inhibit the growth of E. Coli?

8. To what extent do live cultures in yogurts/milk/other dairy products reduce the concentration of lactose present over the course of a 2 hour incubation period at x°C?

9. What is the relationship between  population density  between X and population size of X?

10. What is the relationship between indoleacetic acid, a growth hormone, and the growth of X (a crop)?

11. How does human influence impact an aquatic ecosystem?

12. How can one organize a pollution check along a X canal in X?

13. What is the effect of the increased ecological footprint in the  Amazon ?

14. What are the forest and woodland restoration in Siberia, Russia and which one is most effective?

15. How does human interference cause ecological imbalances in an X city/country/continent?

16. What is the impact of urban development on the  bee population  in X city?

17. What are the differences in the conversation efforts in Yosemite National Park (California, USA) and the Lake District National Park (UK)?

18. To what extent have healthcare policies in X country influenced their human population curve?

19. How have changes in environmental systems influenced the value system of X country?

20. How has X landfill site affected the surrounding terrestrial ecosystem?

21. What is the profitability of  airline companies ?

22. How does unemployment affect the market?

23. Why did X recession occur?

24. How did the financial Policy affect the economy in X?

25. How effective are government policies in reducing overconsumption of alcohol (specifically hard liquor)?

26. To what extent are public buses and subways substitute goods in a country?

27. How did the tax reform in country x affect its growth and development? (many countries to choose from)

28. To what extent was weak government policy responsible for the Latin American financial crisis of 1997?

29. How effective is the  Big Mac Index  in measuring purchasing power parity?

30. To what extent would the UK suffer from leaving the European Customs Union if Brexit happens?

31. Is there an association between viewing violence on television and the display of violent acts?

32. What motivational climate should a coach employ in order to achieve optimal performance in athletes?

33. How does  X hormone affect human behavior ?

34. Compare theories explaining altruism in human behaviour

35. Discuss short-term and long-term consequences of exposure to violence

36. Why do relationships change or end?

37. Discuss how  social variables (poverty, parenting, educational environment) may the affect cognitive environment.

38. To what extent do mirror neurons play a role in empathy? (2014)

39. To what extent does Mindfulness help people cope with General Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

40. To what extent is drug therapy effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder?

41. Does the British Parliamentary reforms act of 1832 deserve its title as the great reform act?

42. To what extent are there similarities in Hitler and Mussolini’s Rise to Power?

43. To what extent did Mao’s tackle the problems which he faced?

44. Was Tsar Alexander II of Russia reforms a success or failure?

45. To what extent was the bombing of Dresden in 1945 justifiable?

46. To what extent can  Sweden be considered neutral during WWII ?

47. The impact of structural economic weakness on the collapse of the Soviet Union.

48. How were women treated differently in 1920s and 1950s Great Britain?

49. Why did Israel win the  Six Day War  of 1967?

50. What role did economics play in the unification of Germany from 1834 to 1871?

English Literature

51. What are the Compare and Contrast Jane Austen Books?

52. How does Joseph Conrad’s portray Racism in A Heart of Darkness?

53. How does Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman critique today’s capitalist society? The American Dream?

54. To what extent does Chris McCandless in Jon Krakauer’s Into the Wild escape familial influence?

55. What are the similarities and differences between J.K. Rowling’s characterization of Severus Snape in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows?

56. How does Yaa Gyasi use structure in her novel Homegoing to portray the evolution of time?

57. What is the impact of the social context on Holden Caufield and Huckleberry Finn?

58. How does Sylvia Path’s use of Inanimate objects in Bell Jar?

59. How is the empowerment of Feminine portrayed in the Lord of the Rings?

60. Compare the political rhetoric as used in the inaugural addresses of George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump.

61. The design, construction and calibration of an apparatus for measuring lipid concentration in milk.

62. What is the effect of a change in the optimal lift on the horizontal gliding distance of an aircraft?

63. How does the sugar concentration affect the refractive index of water?

64. How does temperature affect the viscosity of X juice/soda?

65. Is the relationship between temperature and conductivity and insulators and conductors?

66. What is the Oberth Effect?

67. What is the temperature dependence of work performed on an AA battery?

68. How can the rotational frequency of a fan driven by a flame measure distance?

69. Do wine bottles of different shapes behave as Helmholtz resonators?

70. How does the diameter of a wheel affect stability in different weather conditions?

71. What factors influence the location of industries in country/city X?

72. An investigation into the significance of preserving the quality of water in a continent/country/city?

73. An investigation into the degree to which City X can be considered a Sustainable City/Community.

74. To what extent is Biodiversity being managed successfully in city X?

75. To what extent does the education and employment of women affect Country x’s fertility rate?

76. To what extent do gender, educational attainment, and working parameters influence obesity risk?

77. To what extent has urban development affected human thermal comfort levels in Country/city x (a country/city that has developed in a rapid rate over the past decades)?

78. To what extent is the Company x corporate waste management program effective, demonstrating environmental sustainability?

79. To what extent is biodiversity being managed successfully at National Park X?

80. What types of urban design encourage high rates of vandalism in X neighbourhoods?

81. The kinetics of Enzymatic Reactions.

82. How do Iron Intake Diets differ in X country?

83. What are the different factors that affect the iodine values in cooking oils?

84. What is the effect of standing time and temperate on the acid content in X juice or soda?

85. Can caffeine in tea or coffee be reduced?

86. What is the effect of temperature on the souring of milk?

87. What are the sources of error in calorimetry?

88. Does brushing your teeth affect the pH in your mouth after eating?

89. How does changing the concentration of the reagents affect the formation and spacing between Liesehang rings in the reaction between X chloride and X when conducted in a test tube?

90. What effect does the coating of aspirin tablets have on the hydrolysis of aspirin?

Social and Cultural Anthropology

91. How clothing relates to the cultural anthropology of X culture.

92. The extent to which social media networks affect different societies.

93. The relationship between ritual, myths and faith in an X society.

94. The history of rituals in X culture.

95. How different marriage rituals inform the cultural anthropology of X culture.

96. Climate change and its impact on the evolution of different creatures on the planet.

97. Understanding the social and cultural anthropology of the supernatural in X culture.

98. An analysis of body modification in relation to social and cultural anthropology.

100. Chaste systems and social ranks in societies.

There are so many class subjects that can form the basis of your extended essay, including these popular six subjects:

– Information technology

– Computer science

– Health science

– World studies

– Visual arts

– Business management

Extended essays are a great way to improve your writing skills in academic writing. Essays of a high standard that demonstrate critical thinking and in depth analysis can be submitted to academic journals. These have the potential to reach the global society.

Start Writing Your Extended Essay Topic

We hope this gave you some great inspiration for the variation of topics available for your Extended Essay . The research question you select is what will carry you through the entire process, so be sure to choose wisely!

Remember, if you are looking for more help with your Extended Essay, make sure to check out our guide which will tell you exactly how to plan, structure, research and write your Extended Essay!

Grab Free Extended Essay Resources!

No matter the subject groups in your diploma program, we’re here to help all of our IB students. Whether you’re writing about social and cultural anthropology, business management, design technology, or scientific methods for your IB diploma, Lanterna has you covered.

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IB Extended Essay: 300+ Ideas And Guide

What is the ib extended essay.

The IB Extended Essay (EE) stands as one of the cornerstones of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP). Acting as an independent research task, the EE challenges students to investigate a topic of personal interest within the confines of the IBDP subjects they're engaged in. This endeavor, while rigorous, serves multiple purposes. Not only does it enhance students' analytical, critical thinking, and research prowess, but it also equips them with skills sought after by tertiary institutions and employers alike.

Spanning up to 4,000 words, the Extended Essay might seem daunting initially. However, its essence is about in-depth exploration. Think of it as a scholarly work that provides you with a unique chance to delve deep into a subject, test hypotheses, and showcase your understanding. The final output isn't just the essay, but also a formal presentation or viva voce, which promotes reflective learning and celebrates the culmination of this academic journey.

Given its weightage, the EE often becomes a differentiator for students when applying to competitive university programs. It showcases dedication, commitment to academic rigor, and the ability to synthesize large amounts of information into a coherent, persuasive piece of scholarly writing. For a more comprehensive overview, refer to the official IB page that dives into the nuances of the Extended Essay.

How to Choose Your Extended Essay Research Question?

A pivotal step in the Extended Essay process is the formulation of a pertinent research question. This question becomes the anchor of your entire essay, influencing your research, analysis, and conclusions. Here's a structured approach to help you craft the perfect research question:

• Passion and Interest: It's essential to select a topic you're genuinely curious about. Your engagement level will influence the depth of research and the overall quality of the essay.
• Scope and Feasibility: While it's tempting to tackle a broad issue, the 4,000-word limit necessitates focus. Your topic should be specific enough to be covered comprehensively within the word count, but not so narrow that it lacks depth.
• Relevance to Course Material: Ensure that your question aligns with the IBDP subject under which you're submitting. This not only ensures adherence to guidelines but also leverages the knowledge you've gained during your course.
• Availability of Resources: Before finalizing a topic, conduct preliminary research to gauge the availability of primary and secondary resources. The depth of your essay depends heavily on the quality of your sources.
• Originality: While you don't need to choose a never-before-explored topic, adding a unique perspective or angle to existing discussions can make your essay stand out.
• Consultation with IBDP Tutors: Engage with your IBDP tutors or teachers. Their experience and insights can guide you in refining your research question.

Extended Essay Ideas for Each Subject

The IBDP offers a plethora of subjects, and the potential research questions within each are vast. While a comprehensive list would be exhaustive, here are 30 topic ideas spanning various IBDP subjects:

Extended Essay Ideas for Literature:

• Exploring the motif of forbidden love in Shakespeare's works.
• The representation of post-colonialism in Salman Rushdie's novels.
• Comparing the portrayal of World War I in British and German literature.
• The evolution of the tragic hero in Greek literature to modern novels.
• Magical realism in Gabriel García Márquez's "One Hundred Years of Solitude".
• The portrayal of women in Victorian-era literature.
• The influence of religion on F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby".
• Dystopian elements in Margaret Atwood's "The Handmaid's Tale".
• The role of nature in the works of William Wordsworth.
• Examining gender roles in Jane Austen's novels.
• Exploring the concept of madness in Edgar Allan Poe's short stories.
• The cultural and historical backdrop in Chinua Achebe's "Things Fall Apart".
• Themes of identity and belonging in Jhumpa Lahiri's writings.
• Analysing the narrative structure of Mark Haddon's "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time".
• Existential themes in Albert Camus's "The Stranger".
• Examining the societal impact of the Beat Generation through Jack Kerouac's "On the Road".
• Challenging norms: Satire in Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels".
• The symbol of the green light in F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby".
• Understanding the post-apocalyptic themes in Cormac McCarthy's "The Road".
• Exploring the intricate balance of love and power in Emily Brontë's "Wuthering Heights".
• The notion of the American Dream in Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman".
• Unraveling racial tensions in Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird".
• The essence of childhood innocence in J.M. Barrie's "Peter Pan".
• The portrayal of societal collapse in William Golding's "Lord of the Flies".
• Tracing the journey of self-discovery in Hermann Hesse's "Siddhartha".
• Exploring themes of justice and morality in Franz Kafka's "The Trial".
• Unearthing the depths of human psyche in Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment".
• The role of setting in shaping characters in Emily Brontë's "Wuthering Heights".
• Understanding loss and nostalgia in Marcel Proust's "In Search of Lost Time".
• Exploring the complexities of human relationships in Leo Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina".

Extended Essay Ideas for Biology:

• The impact of environmental changes on coral reef bleaching.
• Exploring the genetics behind the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
• Examining the effects of different diets on gut microbiota.
• Investigating the role of telomeres in the aging process.
• Effects of varying pH levels on plant growth.
• The role of epigenetics in determining phenotype.
• Studying the impact of light wavelengths on photosynthesis.
• Investigating the biochemistry behind venom in snake species.
• Effects of pollution on freshwater ecosystems.
• The influence of climate change on migration patterns of birds.
• Studying the neural mechanisms behind memory formation.
• Exploring symbiotic relationships in marine environments.
• The impact of invasive species on native ecosystems.
• Effects of endocrine disruptors on amphibian populations.
• Examining the biology of bioluminescence in deep-sea organisms.
• Studying the impact of urbanization on pollinators like bees.
• Exploring the regenerative abilities of planarians.
• Investigating the causes and effects of algal blooms in freshwater lakes.
• The role of mimicry as a survival strategy in insects.
• Studying the effects of plastic pollution on marine life.
• Investigating the impact of pesticides on soil microbiology.
• Exploring the genetic basis of resistance against pests in crops.
• Examining the mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer cells.
• Studying the biological impacts of microplastics ingestion in marine species.
• Exploring the role of CRISPR technology in genetic modifications.
• The physiological adaptations of desert plants for water conservation.
• Investigating the impact of radiation on cellular functions.
• Studying the behavioral patterns of ants in various environments.
• Examining the role of gut microbiota in human health and disease.
• Exploring the biological implications of long-term space travel on the human body.

Extended Essay Ideas for Chemistry:

• Exploring the effects of various catalysts on the rate of chemical reactions.
• Investigating the chemistry behind different types of batteries.
• Studying the solubility of salts in various solvents.
• Examining the extraction processes of essential oils from plants.
• Effects of different factors on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
• Chemistry behind the polymerization of plastics.
• Studying the kinetics of the Maillard reaction in food chemistry.
• Investigating the role of chiral compounds in pharmaceuticals.
• Exploring the chemical properties of superconductors.
• The impact of pH on the stability of vitamins in foods.
• Investigating the chemistry of different sunscreen compounds.
• Exploring the mechanism of rusting and corrosion prevention.
• Chemical analysis of contaminants in drinking water.
• Studying the effects of salting on the preservation of foods.
• Exploring the synthesis and properties of biodegradable plastics.
• Effects of different fermentation conditions on alcohol yield.
• Chemistry of natural dyes and their extraction processes.
• Studying the chemical changes during the roasting of coffee beans.
• Investigating the chemistry of soap and detergents.
• Exploring the chemistry and impact of food additives and preservatives.
• Studying the properties and uses of nanomaterials.
• Investigating the synthesis and properties of organic semiconductors.
• Exploring the electrochemistry of fuel cells.
• Chemical analysis of pollutants in urban air.
• Exploring the chemistry of hair dyes and their effects on hair.
• Studying the isolation and properties of natural antioxidants.
• Investigating the chemistry of forensic ink analysis.
• Examining the effects of metal ions on enzyme activity.
• Exploring the chemistry of natural vs. synthetic fragrances.
• Studying the chemical methods for water softening and purification.

Extended Essay Ideas for Physics:

• Exploring the potential of renewable energy sources in the context of global warming.
• The impact of quantum mechanics on modern electronic devices.
• Analyzing the aerodynamics of sports cars using Bernoulli's principle.
• The science behind superconductors and their potential applications.
• Understanding the effects of gravitational waves on astronomical observations.
• Exploring the principles and applications of magnetic levitation (MagLev) trains.
• Optical illusions and their implications in understanding human perception.
• The role of physics in developing energy-efficient buildings.
• Understanding nuclear fusion: progress, challenges, and future prospects.
• Assessing the physics behind electric propulsion in space exploration.
• Exploring the phenomena and implications of sonoluminescence.
• Analyzing the role of physics in medical imaging techniques.
• Studying the physical principles of echolocation in bats.
• Impact of materials science on improving battery technology.
• Understanding black holes: From theory to observation.
• Principles and applications of photonics in modern technology.
• The role of thermodynamics in developing efficient engines.
• Exploring the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy.
• Applications and challenges of harnessing nuclear energy.
• Understanding the dynamics of fluid flow in cardiovascular systems.
• The physics behind climate modeling and predictions.
• Analyzing the mechanics of bird flight.
• Exploring the principles of acoustics in concert hall designs.
• Investigating the effects of microwaves on molecular structures of food.
• Role of physics in designing protective sports equipment.
• Understanding the challenges of interstellar travel.
• Studying the phenomena of Bose-Einstein condensates and its implications.
• Impacts and applications of fiber optics in telecommunications.
• Physics of tsunamis: generation, propagation, and impact.
• Exploring the challenges and innovations in cryogenics.

Extended Essay Ideas for Economics:

• Examining the economic impacts of immigration on host countries.
• Exploring the role of microfinance in poverty alleviation in developing countries.
• Investigating the effects of monopolies on consumer prices and choices.
• Studying the relationship between income inequality and economic growth.
• Exploring the economic implications of automation and artificial intelligence on employment.
• The impact of trade wars on global economic stability.
• Studying the factors affecting the housing market in major urban centers.
• Investigating the effects of tourism on local economies.
• Analyzing the economic consequences of climate change on agriculture.
• Exploring the relationship between education and economic development.
• Investigating the economic benefits and costs of hosting global sporting events.
• Studying the effects of remittances on the economies of developing countries.
• Examining the role of central banks in controlling inflation.
• Exploring the impact of foreign direct investment on local industries.
• Analyzing the relationship between consumer confidence and economic growth.
• Studying the economic implications of aging populations in developed countries.
• Exploring the role of e-commerce in shaping modern economies.
• Investigating the effects of subsidies on the agricultural sector.
• Examining the economic impacts of pandemics on global supply chains.
• Analyzing the factors driving currency valuation and devaluation.
• Studying the economic repercussions of political instability in a region.
• Exploring the economic benefits of sustainable energy sources over non-renewable ones.
• Investigating the impact of taxation policies on small businesses.
• Examining the role of startups in driving economic growth.
• Studying the effects of bank regulations on financial stability.
• Exploring the economic challenges and opportunities of globalization.
• Investigating the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability.
• Examining the impact of social media on consumer behavior and market trends.
• Analyzing the economic rationale behind protectionist trade policies.
• Exploring the link between economic policies and environmental sustainability.

Extended Essay Ideas for Mathematics:

• Exploring the practical applications of Fibonacci sequences in modern architecture.
• The relevance of probability theory in stock market predictions.
• Analyzing the evolution and impact of non-Euclidean geometry.
• The mathematical beauty and patterns behind fractals.
• Chaos theory and its implications in weather forecasting.
• Game theory and its applications in economics and social sciences.
• The history and development of the number zero.
• Exploring the world of prime numbers and their mysteries.
• Using statistics to analyze patterns in nature, such as animal spots or petal arrangements.
• Mathematical principles behind encryption and cybersecurity.
• Topology and its real-world implications, such as in DNA twisting.
• The mathematics of music: understanding scales, rhythms, and harmonics.
• Exploring patterns and sequences in ancient architecture and art.
• Understanding the mathematics behind general relativity.
• Golden ratio and its pervasive presence in art and nature.
• Mathematical modeling of population dynamics and growth.
• An exploration of graph theory in social networks.
• The role of symmetry in mathematics and its applications.
• Using calculus to understand and model the spread of diseases.
• Mathematical principles behind juggling patterns.
• Origami and the mathematical transformations involved.
• The history and significance of Pi in various cultures.
• Applications of trigonometry in real-world scenarios beyond angles and triangles.
• Mathematical patterns in the stock market: Are they truly random?
• Studying the dynamics of voting systems using mathematics.
• An investigation into the four-color theorem.
• Exploring Gödel's incompleteness theorems and its implications for mathematics.
• A study on Benford's law and its surprising occurrence in nature and finance.
• Understanding and visualizing multi-dimensional spaces.
• The Monty Hall problem: A study in probability and decision making.

Extended Essay Ideas for Business Management:

• Analyzing the impact of leadership styles on employee motivation and productivity.
• Exploring the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in enhancing brand image.
• Understanding the implications of digital transformation for traditional brick-and-mortar businesses.
• Assessing the impact of cultural differences on international marketing strategies.
• The role of innovation in the competitive advantage of tech startups.
• Exploring the challenges and benefits of adopting a circular economy in the fashion industry.
• Analyzing the effects of mergers and acquisitions on company performance and shareholder value.
• Understanding the influence of e-commerce on consumer buying behavior.
• Studying the strategic importance of supply chain management in the era of globalization.
• The impact of corporate culture on organizational performance.
• Exploring the effects of advertisement campaigns on consumer perception and brand loyalty.
• Understanding the risks and opportunities of business expansion into emerging markets.
• Assessing the implications of artificial intelligence and automation on human resource management.
• Studying the relationship between customer service quality and customer retention.
• Exploring the role of business ethics in decision-making processes.
• Understanding the challenges of managing a diverse workforce in a multicultural environment.
• Assessing the impact of governmental regulations on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
• The role of branding in differentiating products in saturated markets.
• Studying the influence of social media influencers on consumer purchase decisions.
• Exploring the strategic importance of sustainability initiatives for modern businesses.
• Understanding the dynamics of crisis management and its impact on company reputation.
• Assessing the competitive advantage of businesses adopting green technology.
• Analyzing the role of financial management in ensuring long-term business stability.
• Exploring the implications of remote work on team dynamics and productivity.
• Understanding the strategies adopted by businesses during economic recessions.
• Assessing the impact of business incubators on the success of new startups.
• Studying the dynamics of consumer behavior in luxury markets.
• Exploring the challenges of maintaining product quality in mass production.
• Understanding the importance of inter-departmental communication in large corporations.
• Analyzing the role of data analytics in driving business decisions.

Extended Essay Ideas for Computer Science:

• Exploring the implications of quantum computing for modern encryption methods.
• Examining the role of artificial intelligence in predictive analytics.
• Investigating the ethical concerns of facial recognition technology.
• Studying the evolution of programming languages and their impact on software development.
• The significance of cybersecurity in the era of Internet of Things (IoT).
• Comparing traditional and cloud-based database management systems.
• Analyzing the challenges and prospects of augmented reality in mobile app development.
• Examining the role of machine learning in healthcare diagnostics.
• Exploring the impact of open-source software on the tech industry.
• Investigating the role of neural networks in natural language processing.
• Studying the environmental implications of blockchain technology.
• Exploring the role of automation in job displacement and creation.
• Examining the challenges of data privacy in social media platforms.
• How do edge computing and centralized computing differ in application scenarios?
• Studying the applications of virtual reality in education.
• Exploring the role of heuristic algorithms in optimization problems.
• Investigating the implications of deepfake technology on digital media authenticity.
• Studying the design principles behind user-friendly interfaces.
• How does bioinformatics utilize computational algorithms in genome sequencing?
• Exploring the potential of swarm intelligence in robotics.
• Studying the pros and cons of different web development frameworks.
• Examining the challenges of integrating legacy systems with modern technologies.
• Exploring the growth and impact of e-sports in the gaming industry.
• Investigating the role of big data in shaping business strategies.
• How can computer simulations aid in climate modeling?
• Exploring the role of digital forensics in cybercrime investigations.
• Investigating the potential of progressive web apps in bridging the gap between web and mobile.
• Examining the role of genetic algorithms in optimization problems.
• Studying the significance of version control systems in software development.
• Investigating the challenges and solutions of scaling applications for global users.

Extended Essay Ideas for Psychology:

• Exploring the cognitive processes underlying decision-making biases.
• Examining the impact of social media on adolescent self-esteem.
• Investigating the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance.
• Studying the psychological implications of childhood trauma on adult relationships.
• Assessing the role of nature versus nurture in personality development.
• Exploring the psychological mechanisms behind the placebo effect.
• Analyzing the influence of cultural norms on gender identity development.
• Studying the impact of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction.
• Investigating the effects of music therapy on patients with Alzheimer's disease.
• Examining the role of neurotransmitters in mood disorders.
• Exploring the psychological underpinnings of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
• Assessing the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders.
• Studying the impact of parental attachment styles on child development.
• Exploring the cognitive basis of prejudice and stereotyping.
• Investigating the role of emotional intelligence in leadership effectiveness.
• Examining the psychological effects of long-term unemployment.
• Studying the impact of virtual reality exposure therapy for phobias.
• Exploring the correlation between physical exercise and mental health.
• Investigating the effects of art therapy on patients with post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Examining the role of childhood experiences in the development of eating disorders.
• Studying the influence of peer pressure on adolescent risk-taking behaviors.
• Exploring the psychological effects of chronic pain on mental well-being.
• Assessing the impact of positive reinforcement on classroom behavior.
• Studying the role of resilience in overcoming adverse life events.
• Investigating the effects of video game addiction on cognitive function.
• Examining the correlation between body dysmorphic disorder and social media usage.
• Exploring the effects of group dynamics on individual decision-making.
• Studying the role of subconscious cues in influencing consumer behavior.
• Investigating the correlation between creativity and mental health disorders.
• Examining the psychological coping mechanisms adopted during pandemics.

Extended Essay Ideas for Social and Cultural Anthropology:

• Exploring the role of rituals in preserving cultural identity.
• Examining the impact of globalization on indigenous communities.
• Investigating the cultural implications of arranged marriages in South Asia.
• Studying the evolution of language and its role in shaping societal structures.
• The significance of food and cuisine in expressing cultural identity.
• Comparing matrilineal and patrilineal societies and their societal dynamics.
• Analyzing the cultural perceptions of beauty standards across different societies.
• Examining the role of folklore and mythology in preserving traditions.
• Exploring the impact of colonialism on the cultures of colonized nations.
• How does urbanization influence indigenous cultural practices?
• Investigating the interplay between religion and culture in shaping societies.
• Examining the role of music in traditional ceremonies across cultures.
• Studying the cultural significance of tattoos in Polynesian societies.
• How do cultural practices evolve in diaspora communities?
• Exploring gender roles and dynamics in matriarchal societies.
• Studying the societal impacts of technological advancements in remote communities.
• Examining the role of festivals in fostering community bonds.
• How does education influence cultural perceptions and values?
• Investigating the cultural implications of bilingualism.
• Exploring the anthropological perspective on migration and identity.
• Studying the dynamics of caste systems in traditional societies.
• Examining the role of art and craft in expressing cultural narratives.
• Investigating the societal impact of medical advancements on traditional healing practices.
• Exploring the cultural perceptions of mental health across different societies.
• How do economic systems shape societal hierarchies and dynamics?
• Investigating the influence of popular culture on traditional values.
• Examining the role of family structures in shaping societal norms.
• Exploring the significance of sacred spaces in various cultures.
• Analyzing the cultural perspectives on death and afterlife across civilizations.
• Investigating the impact of political regimes on cultural expressions and freedoms.

Extended Essay Ideas for Environmental Systems and Societies:

• Evaluating the effectiveness of conservation efforts in the Amazon rainforest.
• The impact of microplastics on marine ecosystems and potential mitigation strategies.
• Exploring sustainable agriculture practices in arid regions and their socio-economic implications.
• Analyzing the success of urban green spaces in combating the urban heat island effect.
• Assessing the environmental and societal impact of fast fashion.
• Exploring the correlation between industrial development and air quality in emerging economies.
• Effectiveness of community-based wildlife conservation efforts in Africa.
• Water scarcity: The socio-economic implications and potential solutions.
• Assessing the environmental consequences of electronic waste and potential recycling strategies.
• The global decline of bee populations: Causes, implications, and solutions.
• Impact of ecotourism on biodiversity conservation and local communities.
• Understanding the socio-economic implications of rising sea levels for coastal communities.
• Exploring the challenges and potential of urban farming in densely populated cities.
• Assessing the effects of deforestation on indigenous communities and local biodiversity.
• The role of renewable energy solutions in reducing global carbon emissions.
• Investigating the environmental and societal implications of the meat industry.
• Exploring the relationship between traditional agricultural practices and biodiversity.
• Impact of overfishing on marine ecosystems and its socio-economic implications.
• Examining the consequences of chemical agriculture on soil health and local communities.
• Exploring the role of green technology in promoting sustainable urban living.
• Assessing the environmental impact of the bottled water industry.
• Investigating the role of environmental education in shaping sustainable communities.
• Understanding the implications of melting polar ice caps on global climate patterns.
• Examining the socio-economic effects of natural disasters exacerbated by climate change.
• Challenges and opportunities in waste management for rapidly urbanizing areas.
• Assessing the effectiveness of international environmental agreements and treaties.
• Exploring the environmental and cultural implications of palm oil cultivation.
• Impact of urbanization on freshwater resources and potential conservation strategies.
• Investigating the correlation between population growth and environmental degradation.
• Exploring the role of women in promoting environmental sustainability in developing nations.

Extended Essay Ideas for World Studies:

• The global impact of COVID-19 and how different cultures responded to the pandemic.
• Exploring the socio-economic effects of climate change in vulnerable regions.
• The implications of digital surveillance: Balancing national security and individual privacy on a global scale.
• The role of international trade agreements in shaping developing economies.
• A comparative study of healthcare systems across the world and their effectiveness.
• Assessing global gender inequality: Exploring measures to empower women in developing countries.
• The effects of globalization on indigenous cultures.
• International responses to the refugee crisis: A comparative study.
• Impact of social media on political movements and revolutions globally.
• Exploring the worldwide shift towards renewable energy sources and its implications for geopolitics.
• The legacy of colonialism: Evaluating its long-term effects on post-colonial societies.
• A study of global food security and the challenges of sustainable agriculture.
• Understanding the global implications of cyber warfare and its impact on international relations.
• Examining the international response to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
• Implications of artificial intelligence and automation on the global job market.
• Child labor in the global supply chain: Causes, consequences, and solutions.
• An investigation into worldwide trends in mental health and the challenges of addressing them.
• The global impact of single-use plastics and initiatives to combat their proliferation.
• Exploring the cultural and economic impact of global tourism.
• International efforts to combat human trafficking and their effectiveness.
• A comparative study of global responses to natural disasters and their aftermath.
• Impact of the global financial system on income inequality.
• Evaluating worldwide initiatives to promote education for all, especially in conflict zones.
• Understanding global water scarcity and its implications for future conflicts.
• Assessing the role of international organizations, such as the UN, in global peacekeeping.
• The worldwide shift in urbanization trends and its implications for sustainable living.
• A study of global wildlife conservation efforts and challenges.
• Impact of international cultural exchanges on shaping global perceptions and relations.
• Exploring the worldwide decline of bee populations and its implications for global food chains.
• The global movement for LGBTQ+ rights and its reception in various cultures and societies.

Extended Essay Ideas for Visual Arts:

• Exploring the influence of the Renaissance on modern-day art.
• Examining the impact of technology on contemporary art practices.
• Investigating the representation of women in Classical vs. Contemporary art.
• Studying the significance of colors in different cultures' art traditions.
• The evolution of street art and its influence on urban culture.
• Comparing Impressionism and Post-Impressionism: Their influences and legacies.
• Analyzing the role of propaganda in war art.
• Examining the portrayal of nature in Romantic vs. Abstract art.
• Exploring the relationship between music and visual art.
• How political changes influenced art movements: A case study of the Soviet Union.
• Investigating the commercialization of contemporary art.
• Examining the impact of cultural exchange on art forms during the Silk Road era.
• Studying the rise and influence of art collectives in the digital age.
• How did colonialism influence the art of colonized regions?
• The use of symbolism in religious art across different cultures.
• Exploring the role of art in social activism and change.
• Investigating the artistic representation of LGBTQ+ rights over the decades.
• Comparing traditional and digital techniques in illustration.
• How does architecture influence visual arts and vice versa?
• Exploring the world of animated arts: From sketches to screens.
• Examining the artistic dimensions of indigenous people's art.
• Studying the influence of fashion on visual arts.
• Exploring the role of censorship in art: A case study of China.
• Examining the intersection of visual arts with virtual reality and augmented reality.
• Studying the significance of art festivals in promoting global art cultures.
• Exploring the journey of abstract expressionism in the 20th century.
• Investigating the impact of global crises (like pandemics) on artistic expressions.
• How does art therapy assist in mental well-being?
• Analyzing the growth and challenges of digital art galleries.
• Exploring the evolution of sculpture in the modern era.

How to Write a Great IB Extended Essay

Writing an extended essay requires meticulous planning and a structured approach. Here are some key steps to enhance the quality of your essay:

• Start Early: Given the complexity and depth required, it's prudent to begin your research and planning months ahead of the submission deadline. This allows ample time for thorough research, drafting, and revisions.
• Create a Detailed Outline: Before diving into the writing process, draft a detailed outline. This will serve as a roadmap, ensuring a logical flow of ideas and comprehensive coverage of all facets of your topic.
• Use Varied and Credible Sources: Diversify your research by including books, academic journals, interviews, and reputable online sources. Always assess the credibility of your sources to ensure accurate and unbiased information.
• Stay Objective and Analytical: While it's tempting to infuse personal opinions, the Extended Essay demands an objective stance. Your assertions should be backed by concrete evidence, and opposing viewpoints should be fairly represented and analyzed.
• Seek Feedback: Periodically, share your drafts with peers, teachers, or IB tutors . External perspectives can offer invaluable insights, pointing out gaps or areas for improvement.

Finding Reliable Sources for Your Extended Essay

Quality research hinges on credible sources. Here's how to distinguish between reliable and dubious sources:

• Evaluate the Author's Credentials: Check the author's qualifications and affiliations. Experts in the field are more likely to produce accurate and unbiased content.
• Check Publication Date: Especially for subjects that evolve rapidly, like sciences or current events, recent publications ensure the most up-to-date information.
• Assess Objectivity: Be wary of sources with evident biases. Objective, balanced presentations of facts are ideal.
• Peer-reviewed Journals: Articles in peer-reviewed journals undergo rigorous scrutiny, ensuring high standards of academic integrity.
• References and Citations: Reliable sources typically cite their information, allowing readers to trace the origin of facts and data.

Strategies for Conducting Primary and Secondary Research

Both primary and secondary research methods are pivotal in crafting a comprehensive Extended Essay. Here’s how to go about them:

• Surveys and Questionnaires: If your topic involves gathering opinions or understanding behaviours, designing a comprehensive survey can be invaluable. Ensure your questions are unbiased and clearly worded.
• Interviews: Direct conversations with experts in the field can offer profound insights. Prepare your questions in advance and be respectful of the interviewee’s time.
• Experiments: For scientific subjects, conducting experiments can provide firsthand data. Ensure your methodology is sound, and always consider safety precautions.
• Observations: In topics related to human behaviour or environmental changes, direct observations can be a treasure trove of information. Be as objective as possible and record your findings meticulously.
• Academic Journals: These are a gold standard in research. Platforms like JSTOR or Google Scholar can provide a plethora of peer-reviewed articles relevant to almost any topic.
• Books: Especially for historical or literary subjects, books offer in-depth insights. Don't restrict yourself to modern publications; sometimes, older texts can provide a rich context.
• Reputable Websites: Websites affiliated with universities, research institutions, or recognized bodies in the field can be reliable. Always verify the information with other sources.
• Documentaries and Archived Material: For topics rooted in history, culture, or specific events, these can be invaluable.

Formatting and Structure Guidelines for the IB Extended Essay

Adhering to a structured format is crucial for the Extended Essay. Here are the primary components and guidelines:

• Title Page: This should include the essay title, your name, school, and other relevant details.
• Abstract: A concise summary (around 300 words) presenting your research question, methods, and key findings.
• Table of Contents: List all sections and subsections along with page numbers.
• Introduction: Introduce your topic, provide context, and clearly state your research question.
• Body: This is the heart of your essay. Organize it with clear subheadings and ensure a logical flow of ideas.
• Conclusion: Summarize your findings, restate the importance of your research, and mention potential areas for further study.
• References: List all sources cited in your essay. Adhere to a recognized citation style (MLA, APA, Chicago, etc.).
• Appendices: If necessary, include any additional information, charts, or data sets that support your research but didn't fit smoothly into the essay's body.

The IB Extended Essay Assessment Criteria and Grading

The International Baccalaureate (IB) Extended Essay is not just about writing a long research paper; it's about meeting specific assessment criteria to achieve the best grade possible. To excel, understanding these criteria is paramount. Let’s delve deeper into how the IB evaluates and grades the Extended Essay:

1. Focus and Method (6 marks): This criterion assesses the topic's significance, how well the research question is formulated, and the methodology used. Clearly defining your topic and choosing an appropriate and effective method is crucial. For instance, an essay analyzing a literary theme would differ methodologically from one exploring a scientific hypothesis.

2. Knowledge and Understanding (6 marks): Demonstrating a comprehensive grasp of your chosen topic is vital. This involves showing that you understand the context, implications, and why your topic is significant. Remember, superficial knowledge won't cut it; depth is essential. Rely on primary sources and respected secondary sources to bolster your understanding.

3. Critical Thinking (12 marks): The highest marks are allocated here. You're evaluated on how well you analyze the information, the arguments you build, and the solutions or conclusions you derive. A well-thought-out essay isn't just descriptive; it evaluates, critiques, and synthesizes information.

4. Presentation (4 marks): While it might seem minor, presentation is crucial. This criterion involves the overall structure of the essay, the clarity of your writing, and adherence to recognized academic standards, including referencing.

5. Engagement (6 marks): This is about your journey. The IB wants to see that you've engaged deeply with your topic, overcome challenges, and reflected on the research process. Often, the reflections you submit alongside your essay play a role in this assessment.

Together, these criteria amount to a total of 34 marks. Essays are then graded on a scale from A (excellent) to E (elementary). An 'E' in the Extended Essay is a failing condition for the award of the IB Diploma. Ensure you understand each criterion and address it adequately. More details on the assessment criteria can be found here .

How Beyond Tutors can help you prepare for IB Extended Essay

The Extended Essay is a challenging component of the IB, but with the right guidance, it becomes manageable and rewarding. This is where Beyond Tutors comes in. Here's how we can assist:

1. Expert Guidance: Our IBDP tutors have a wealth of experience in guiding students through the Extended Essay process. They're well-versed in the expectations of the IB and can provide insights tailored to your topic.

2. Research Assistance: With a vast array of resources and tools at our disposal, Beyond Tutors can help students find reliable and relevant sources, ensuring a strong foundation for the essay.

3. Feedback and Review: Once you draft your essay, our IB Tutors can offer constructive feedback, ensuring your essay is coherent, compelling, and meets the IB's rigorous standards.

4. Practice and Preparation: Beyond Tutors also provides resources like sample essays and exercises to help students practice and refine their skills, paving the way for an excellent Extended Essay.

5. Continuous Support: The Extended Essay process can be daunting, but you're not alone. From topic selection to final submission, Beyond Tutors offers continuous support, ensuring students remain motivated and on track.

With personalized international baccalaureate tutoring , students have a partner in their Extended Essay journey, significantly boosting their chances of success.

The International Baccalaureate (IB) Extended Essay is undoubtedly a challenging yet rewarding venture. By understanding its requirements and approaching it systematically, students can create a piece of work they're genuinely proud of. It's an opportunity to delve deep into a topic of interest, hone research skills, and demonstrate the depth of one's knowledge and understanding. With the right resources, guidance, and perseverance, the Extended Essay can become a highlight of the IB Diploma Programme experience. And with expert assistance from institutions like Beyond Tutors, students are well-equipped to navigate this academic journey with confidence and excellence.

• IBO: Extended Essay Overview
• IBO: What is the Extended Essay?
• IBO: Extended Essay Submission Deadline
• IBO: Example Essays
• IBO: Extended Essay Useful Resources
• IBO: World Studies Extended Essay

As you embark on your Extended Essay journey, remember that it's more than just an assignment; it's an opportunity. The skills you acquire, the knowledge you gain, and the challenges you overcome will shape you as a learner and a thinker. Embrace the process, seek guidance when needed, and take pride in the remarkable academic achievement your Extended Essay represents. All the best!

Are you seeking one-on-one college counseling and/or essay support? Limited spots are now available. Click here to learn more.

Guide to the IB Extended Essay in 2024

January 24, 2024

If you’re an International Baccalaureate student getting ready to write your IB Extended Essay, you might be experiencing some very understandable trepidation. But have no fear—we’re here to help you understand what’s required of you, how to plan ahead (IB extended essay topics), and how you’ll be graded (IB extended essay rubric). Keep reading for a good dose of preparation and confidence before you begin the journey. In this article, we’ll cover:

What is the IB Extended Essay?

The ib extended essay—required content, ib extended essay topics.

IB Extended Essay—Sample Essays

IB Extended Essay Tips

Ib extended essay rubric, ib extended essay—more resources.

The IB Extended Essay is a 4,000-word paper that asks you to immerse yourself in research and academic writing. A required part of the IB program, the Extended Essay is a chance to dig deep into a topic that fascinates you.

Although it’s no small task, the IB Extended Essay is an opportunity to gain practical research and writing skills that will come in handy again in college. As you write, you’ll learn how to:

• Identify credible sources
• Formulate a research question and limit your scope of research
• Communicate ideas to an audience
• Develop a well-supported argument

The IB Extended Essay is largely an independent, self-directed project, but don’t worry—the IB program doesn’t throw you into the deep end. You do get to select a mentor (usually a teacher at your school) to help guide you through the process. As you write, you’ll be required to meet with your mentor three times. As part of your final evaluation, your mentor will interview you in a final reflection section called a viva voce . During the viva voce, your mentor will check for plagiarism and malpractice, ask you to reflect on challenges and difficulties, and prompt you to discuss what you’ve learned through the research and writing process. Your mentor will then generate a report that factors into your final grade.

Your final essay must include the following:

• Contents page
• Introduction
• Body of the essay
• References and bibliography

For this essay, it will be up to you to generate a topic; the International Baccalaureate does not provide prompts. However, your essay will need to fit within one of six provided subject areas . You’ll choose from the following list of IB Extended Essay Topics:

• Language and literature
• Language acquisition
• Individuals and societies
• Mathematics

IB Extended Essay Topics (Continued)

At a glance, the subject areas might look limited, but the topics you can choose to write about are actually wide-ranging. The “Individuals and societies” category includes social science topics like economics, history, world religions, and philosophy. And, if you’re leaning toward “Science,” you can choose from classic subjects such as biology, chemistry, and physics, or related topics like environmental systems or health science, among others.

The IB also offers a special “World Studies” option for students interested in researching global issues. This subject would allow you to center your writing on global issues such as migration, global health, cultural exchange, or climate change.

Wondering what an outstanding IB Extended Essay looks like? The International Baccalaureate provides quite a few sample student essays online . Here are five essays that earned A grades.

Language and literature: An exploration of an aspect of the narrative voice in Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita

Environmental Systems and Societies: The economic impact of the 1995 reintroduction of grey wolves to Yellowstone National Park

Psychology: To what extent do social networking sites (SNS) usage lead to experience of anxiety in adolescents?

Music: Composition techniques in the 1st movement of Johannes Brahms’s Symphony No. 2, Op. 73

Business Management: Corporate Culture at Oracle

1) Pick something you’re passionate about

As you can see from the titles above, the IB Extended Essay is a great place to delve into a niche topic that fascinates you. Since you’ll be spending many months on this essay, you’ll want to pick a topic you genuinely enjoy spending time learning about. It’s also smart to choose something you’ve already learned about in your IB classes so that you have a strong foundation of knowledge to start with. In music class, do you love pondering why music makes us feel a certain way? Maybe an essay about music theory will keep your gears turning. Do you come alive trying to solve seemingly impossible problems in physics class? Now’s your chance to put those equations into action.

Since this essay is all about your academic interests, it’s also a good idea to pick a topic that’s relevant to what you plan to study in college. Selecting a relevant topic will provide you with significant exposure to the field and will also give you something meaningful to talk about in your college admissions essays.

2) Limit your scope

What’s the meaning of life? Why do wars happen? What is time? Some questions are just way too big to answer, and your IB Extended Essay is not a good place to tackle expansive, philosophical questions. Instead, think of this essay as a place to investigate one piece of a big question. If, let’s say, you’re generally interested in what helps women reach positions of leadership in business, this is a good place to examine how one or a few companies approach this issue. Or, if you’re interested in studying what inspires surrealist painters, you’ll want to pick one or a few painters to research, likely all from the same time period. For both these topics, you’d need a whole textbook to tackle the full question, but limiting your scope will make it much easier to write a clear and cohesive 4,000 words.

On the other hand, it’s possible to narrow your focus too much. It would be impossible, for example, to write 4,000 words about a single sentence in a novel. Make sure you talk about scope early and often with your mentor. Together, you can find the perfect Goldilocks scope for your project that’s not too big and not too small.

3) Choose a good mentor

Speaking of mentors, choosing wisely will help you enormously as you embark on your IB Extended Essay. You’ll want to make sure you choose someone with existing knowledge in your research topic. Your English teacher may be able to give you great writing advice, for example, but they won’t be able to guide your research and scope if you’re writing about marine animals or modern dance.

Before you approach a teacher, make sure you have at least one topic idea (or even a few ideas) in mind so that you can make sure they’ll be a good fit to supervise your project. When you meet with them, find out what their mentorship style is like. Make sure they’ll have time to read several drafts of your essays, meet with you a few times, and give you feedback. Some IB schools will require your IB Extended Essay mentor to sign an agreement form too, so make sure you find out what paperwork is required in advance.

4) Get organized, way organized

The IB Extended Essay is not something you can crank out the night before it’s due. The essay is meant to be a substantive, in-depth, thoughtful, and thoroughly researched analysis, and Rome simply isn’t built in a day. This might be the longest paper you’ve written to date, and this project might require more research than you’ve been asked to do before. Timelines vary by school, but you’ll likely spend between eight months and a year working on your IB Extended Essay. So, how will you pull it all off? For these 8-12 months, organization will be your guiding light. We recommend you:

• Get started early. If your essay is due November of your senior year, start generating topic ideas during your junior year right after winter break.
• Create a long-view schedule for yourself. What will you accomplish each month of your process?
• Give yourself deadlines. Once you choose a mentor, suggest 2-3 draft deadline dates so that you will be held accountable throughout the writing process.
• Find a note-taking system that works for you. You’ll be reading many articles and books and it’s hard to keep track of all your sources. Create a document or spreadsheet where you keep track of the sources you’ve found and check them off as you read. As you finish reading a text, type up important quotes and a few notes explaining how it connects to your topic and to your other texts.

5)Write a messy first draft

Writing never comes out perfect the first time, even for New York Times bestselling authors and the most experienced researchers. In your first draft, give yourself permission to get all your thoughts out, no matter how unstructured or rambling they are. Call this your brainstorming draft. When you’re ready to revisit it, see what patterns emerge, what common ideas you can group together, what beginning buds of ideas you can make bloom into full-fledged analysis.

6) Communicate for an audience

When you’re used to producing writing that only your teacher reads, it can be hard to remember to write for an audience. But at the end of the day, writing is communication , and the best writing is clear and thorough communication that anyone could pick up and read. For your IB Extended Essay, you’ll want to remember that many people will be reading your final essay, and not all of them will be experts in the niche topic you choose to study. Ask yourself: how can I explain my research to an audience who doesn’t already agree with my analysis?

To communicate to an audience, you’ll want to:

• Provide lots of general background information on your topic.
• Don’t assume your reader is familiar with your sources. Introduce them as if they’re guest speakers about to walk up to a podium and deliver a lecture.
• After including quotes, facts, and figures, be sure to explain what those sources mean in your own words and how they connect to your bigger-picture argument.
• Don’t assume your arguments are self-evident. In this essay, communicating for an audience means supplying ongoing interpretation and analysis, even if it feels like you’re explaining the obvious. Your reader isn’t on your research journey with you, so your points might not be so obvious to your reader.

Although your IB Extended Essay provides a report that factors into your grade, your essay will also be assessed by external examiners the IB. Per the IB Extended Essay Rubric , essays are graded on a scale from 0 to 34 based on 5 different criteria:

• Criterion A: Focus and Method (6 points maximum)
• Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 points maximum)
• Criterion C: Critical Thinking (12 points maximum)
• Criterion D: Presentation (4 points maximum)
• Criterion E: Engagement (6 points maximum)

As you can see, Critical Thinking is the most significant rubric category. This means that the IB wants to see you arrive at your own unique analysis of your topic, drawing connections between sources and data, and making well-supported arguments. This means they want a lot of you: your ideas, your interpretations, your thoughts. Make sure you emphasize that in your essay, but of course don’t forget the other categories.

The score a student receives corresponds to a letter grade scale that is slightly different than what we’re accustomed to in the U.S. Here’s the letter grade to numerical score breakdown:

You must earn a D or higher to receive your IB Diploma. To learn more about the different criteria included in the IB Extended Essay Rubric, you can explore the IB’s full guide to the Extended Essay .

We hope you found our look at the IB extended essay rubric and IB extended essay topics to be helpful. Ready to dive into research? You may want to read our 10 Expert Tips for Improving Reading Comprehension before you hit the books.

And if you’re a high school student in the process of mapping out your pathway to college, take a look at a few other useful guides:

• IB vs AP—Which Classes are Best for College Admission?
• How to Earn College Credit in High School
• High School Course Requirements for College Admission
• SAT Score Calculator
• ACT Score Calculator 
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Christina Wood

Christina Wood holds a BA in Literature & Writing from UC San Diego, an MFA in Creative Writing from Washington University in St. Louis, and is currently a Doctoral Candidate in English at the University of Georgia, where she teaches creative writing and first-year composition courses. Christina has published fiction and nonfiction in numerous publications, including The Paris Review , McSweeney’s , Granta , Virginia Quarterly Review , The Sewanee Review , Mississippi Review , and Puerto del Sol , among others. Her story “The Astronaut” won the 2018 Shirley Jackson Award for short fiction and received a “Distinguished Stories” mention in the 2019 Best American Short Stories anthology.

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IB Study Resources

September 14, 2021

A Definitive Guide to the IB Extended Essay (EE)

The Extended Essay (EE) is an independent, self-directed academic research, presented in the form of a 4,000-word paper. One component of the International Baccalaureate® (IB) Diploma Programme (DP) core, the extended essay is mandatory for all students. The final work is given a grade from E to A, and makes up part of each student’s final IB score. These are our thoughts on how to do well in the EE:

Step 1: Choosing a Extended Essay (EE) topic

Choosing a good topic for your extended essay can make a huge difference on your final score. Firstly, you should always choose a topic that you are interested in! The writing process becomes much more engaging, and will also be good content you can write in your personal statement for your university applications.

Always be creative and original when choosing your research topic. Think about how you can make your research question and the way you communicate your academic research unique. In addition, if you wish to explore a multidisciplinary field , you could consider writing a World Studies extended essay . This research is analysed through at least two disciplines, encouraging students to apply their knowledge to a problem with global significance. For example, you may want to consider the effects of an electric vehicle subsidy on climate change. This is an exciting opportunity and provides a good insight to an interdisciplinary university degree such as PPE.

Step 2: Framing your research question

Once you know your extended essay subject, your next step is to choose a question. Often, questions will be framed as “To what extent does…”. Exploring multiple perspectives, and critically analysing each of these, are key to success. Therefore, try and shape your question so that more than one point of view can be explored.

Similarly, make sure your question is specific ! Having a focused question will guide your research and show that you can explore one area in detail. For example, here are 2 examples of Economics extended essay questions:

• To what extent do smartphone companies compete with each other?
• To what extent do Apple and Samsung operate in a duopoly in the global smartphone market?

The second research question is more focused, allowing for greater in-depth research into which areas they are competing over. You can use secondary data from both companies’ annual reports, competitor websites, and undertake primary research (such as through an Economic survey or personal interview) – Having a research question that allows you to explore a specific area critically will definitely help you to score highly.

Step 3: Meeting your supervisor to establish specific targets

We recommend meeting with your supervisor as early as possible to check whether your research question is appropriate. If it is, this is a great opportunity to explore potential avenues of research. For example, a Physics extended essay on the path of a bowling bowl may look to incorporate several different features, such as force, weight, and air resistance into a model. Whichever subject area you choose, your supervisor is usually your first port of call for any questions you have.

During the meeting, it will be good to establish a timeline for your extended essay. Although this may only be rough, this will give you deadlines to work towards (much like you will need to do for university essays). Similarly, setting specific targets for your next meeting, such as writing an introduction or doing your survey, will also give you definitive targets to meet. Make sure at the end of this meeting you have clear goals to achieve and by your next meeting.

Furthermore, make sure that you are keeping a record of all of your meetings with your extended essay supervisor. 6 of the 36 marks for the EE are from your Reflections on Planning and Progress Form (RPPF) where you reflect on the meetings you have had with your supervisor. These should show that you are engaged with your topic, so discuss the ideas you have considered in response to setbacks whilst writing your extended essay and make sure to use personal pronouns (I, my) to convey your engagement. Detail any changes you made to your research method and demonstrate how you have taken a creative approach to your topic, as these will highlight what you have done to stand out.

Step 4: Starting your EE research

Following the meeting with your supervisor, it is time to begin researching your topic! This does not have to be too detailed to begin with, and we recommend aiming to research enough to write an introduction to your essay. This introduction should outline the main themes you will explore and your line of argument. To reiterate, your main argument may change as your essay develops, so do not worry if it is not perfect when you begin.

Some useful sources of information are your school library or Jstor. Your school librarian may be able to suggest some good books or articles to start reading, whilst using academic sources like Jstor or Google scholar gives you access to a wide range of academic material. When reading books or journal articles, you do not have to read them cover to cover! In fact, you should only read the sections that are relevant to your topic, and reading the introduction and conclusion will often tell you whether a journal article is relevant.

When reading, consistently keep in mind your essay title as this will help you to focus your reading on key sections of texts. For instance, highlight the key sections of the texts to review later. Alternatively, you could make notes in a separate word document; such as Googledocs; or with pen and paper. It is useful to keep everything you do in the same format, however, so you can easily collate it.

Step 5: Writing the essay’s first draft

The most difficult part with the EE is getting the first draft down. Many students struggle o to write the perfect introduction and methodology, and get stuck for weeks in the process. Your introduction and first draft do not have to be perfect but should form the base of your essay moving forward. It is often good to form a plan from your research that contains the key elements of each paragraph. Once you are confident with this and have filled it in with more research, you can turn this into a fully operational first draft.

We recommend breaking down the writing stage into several paragraphs, setting yourself mini-goals to achieve. This will help you to move along faster and make the seemingly daunting task of a 4,000-word essay a lot simpler. Similarly, you should use the research you have to support your ideas. Your research might consist of facts to back up your analysis or other writers’ opinions that agree with your own. Furthermore, you can also use this research to explore multiple points of view, coming to a conclusion as to which one is most appropriate. However, save yourself time whilst doing this by including links to the original article, rather than full references, as it is likely you may change the content of your essay and the references you use as you progress.

Make sure you save your extended essay frequently and to an accessible platform such Dropbox or Google Drive so that if your computer were to crash your progress will be stored!

Step 6: Reviewing your first draft

Your aim when meeting with your supervisor this time is to look over your first draft to see which parts are excellent, which can be explored further and which need to be rethought. This can be split into a number of meetings; for example, I looked at my introduction, then at the 4 sections of my main body, and finally at my conclusion. This reshaped the goals that I had moving forward and gave me specific subsections to work on.

Whilst editing your first draft, do not be afraid to delete, reword or move some parts that you have written, as this will help you shape your extended essay into the finished article. You can, if needed, even slightly alter your question. I changed my question at the start of April, with a June deadline for my essay. However, changing my essay question did not leave me with a whole new essay to write, as I was able to use most of what I had already written, adapting it to focus on the new question. Whatever changes you have to make, they are all moving you towards a complete final version, so stay positive!

Step 7: Refining your Extended Essay

After your meeting, review the changes you have to make to your methodology and research process. You should consider whether you have critically investigated the variables in your RQ and whether it is backed up by a solid methodology. For instance, are there any counter arguments you have not considered? Does your research process flow? Always draw links to each paragraph, so that your essay has a logical flow from its introduction to its argument, counter arguments, responses, and conclusion.

When researching areas in more detail, make use of what you have learnt from your current research. For instance, look at the suggested reading or references in books that you have read or look at articles from the same journal. Furthermore, stay up to date with the news in case you can include new research in your extended essay.

When editing, it is useful to save a new copy of your extended essay (for example, EE draft 2) so that you can track any changes that you make. Also, if anything were to happen to your new copy, you always have the previous copy and notes from the meeting to re-do any changes. We recommend doing this on Googledocs whether changes are saved real-time on the servers so you don’t lose precious work if your computer crashes.

Step 8: Final Notes

Once you are done with your initial drafts, ensure that you have professional presentation, consistent formatting, and proper citations. Make sure that you have included page numbers and a bibliography (if required). Additionally, make the layout justified, font and size, as well as double spaced as per IB requirements. You have to include a cover page with a title, your research question, word count and subject. You also have to meet your supervisor the final time to fill out your viva voce (oral) section of the RPPF before the final submission.

Step 9: Final Submission

When submitting your extended essay, ensure that your name, candidate number and your school’s name are not on the document. This will ensure that your EE is marked fairly without prejudice. Your EE is electronically stamped and the IB can track who it belongs to, as is your RPPF.

We wish you the best of luck with your extended essay and hope you enjoy the process. If you would like help with your extended essay, please take a look at our courses or contact us for more information. We also offer IB tuition for various subjects and University applications mentoring and are more than happy to tailor our classes to your needs and requirements!

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Good and Evil in Art and Law

An Extended Essay

• © 2007
• Latest edition
• Basil Markesinis 0

Middleton Stoney House, Oxon, UK

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• Examines the cardinal notions of good and evil that dominate law, art, and literature
• First, specific, comparative, and scholarly approach, arguing that what is good or evil can change depending upon the perspective (political, moral, religious, aesthetic) chosen and the time when these notions are judged
• Emphasizes how nuanced and relative both the notions are
• Invites the reader to question such widely held assumptions such as the (alleged) superiority of divine over human justice
• Reflects on modern evils such political correctness and militant feminism and explores the effect they may be having on the University world

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About this book

Table of contents (8 chapters), front matter, setting the scene, six figures: real and imaginary, the appeal of the characters, just deserts, some technical reasons for the differences, the “flawless” hero, controlling people’s thoughts, joining up the dots, back matter, authors and affiliations.

Basil Markesinis

About the author

Bibliographic information.

Book Title : Good and Evil in Art and Law

Book Subtitle : An Extended Essay

Authors : Basil Markesinis

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-49919-1

Publisher : Springer Vienna

Copyright Information : Springer-Verlag Vienna 2007

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : XIV, 266

Topics : Theories of Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History , Philosophy of Law , Arts

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How to Start Writing a Law School Application Essay

U.S. News & World Report

August 4, 2024, 8:00 PM

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Imagine two applicants vying for a job neither has held before, perhaps running a sales team.

The first candidate spends the interview gushing about how much she wants the position, why she loves sales and loves this company. Her delivery is polished and she makes a great impression.

The second candidate also explains why she wants the position. However, she focuses more on what she will contribute to the team: her skills and experiences that will help the company grow and succeed, as well as her goals for the position.

Which candidate gets the job?

Even if the first candidate wants the job more and chooses her words more carefully, I think most people would agree that the second candidate makes a better argument. In filling a key position, a business must focus on its bottom line.

Likewise, law school admissions officers are looking to build a diverse and balanced class of outstanding candidates. They want to know you are committed to law school, and they often ask about your particular interest in their school. But what they most want to hear is what sets you apart.

[ Related: How to Write a ‘Why This Law School’ Essay ]

Your personal statement and optional essays are your chance to pitch yourself as a candidate. You should write and edit them as well as you can, but it’s most important to start with the right argument.

As a law school admissions coach , I often see personal statements that are sincere and expressive but still fail to achieve this purpose. Putting work into coming up with the best ideas for the essay is the surest way to avoid this fate, saving time in the long run.

Begin With Stories

Experience matters. If you lack legal experience or even come from an unconventional background , think about times when you’ve acted like a lawyer would.

No, this does not mean times when you argued with your parents as a kid. Lawyers are not just stubborn arguers. More legal career paths value reaching agreement over winning in court.

Lawyers are professionals who solve problems, serve others and get challenging work done under pressure. Think about the times you’ve shown these qualities.

If you have specific career goals in mind, think about how you can connect your experiences to those goals or how your experiences have shown the skills essential to success in that field.

[ READ: 9 Law School Application Mistakes to Avoid ]

Get Writing

As ideas for the stories you might tell come to mind, try sketching them out. It’s often hard to evaluate the viability of a topic until you have started working with it.

Which of your stories seem most compelling for a reader? Which ones say the most about you? Which ones are easiest to convey succinctly ?

The best stories often are ones in which you’ve acted decisively, thoughtfully or even courageously , regardless of the circumstances or results.

Start Anywhere

Sometimes the perfect way to open an essay is clear. More often, it isn’t so intuitive. Too many applicants get hung up on honing a perfect introduction to the essay, causing writer’s block.

In my experience, the opening of an admissions essay is the part that’s most likely to change throughout the writing process. So don’t get too attached to your first idea, and don’t assume this is the part you must nail down first.

If it helps, leave a placeholder and start in the body of the essay, where the story truly takes off and you get to the things you most want to say.

[ READ: 7 Deciding Factors in Law School Admissions ]

Don’t Worry About Wording

Try not to judge your writing itself — there will be plenty of time ahead to revise. Focus on the substance rather than the style.

The only draft that matters is the one you submit to law schools. Just as you need to get comfortable with wrong answers to excel on the LSAT, you have to be OK with missteps on your path to your best work.

Put Objections Aside

The kind of people who become lawyers tend to be good at perceiving risks and finding faults. As helpful as this will one day be for your clients, don’t let it stunt your writing process.

For example, it is better to express humility than arrogance. But this is a concern for later in the writing process. Instead of rejecting an idea outright because it sounds too self-centered, try writing it out and seeing how you can reframe it.

Following this advice will not lead you to a finished essay, but it will give you a viable draft to work with. It may take many drafts over several weeks to hone your pitch to law schools. To get there, you have to start somewhere.

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LSAT Update – July 31, 2024

Welcome to the LSAT Update, your source for the latest news you can use about the LSAT!

August 2024 LSAT Scheduling Coming to a Close

We’re coming into the final days of scheduling for the August 2024 LSAT, which begins on August 7.

If your option is to test at a Prometric test center, the deadline to schedule your test is Wednesday, July 31 at 11:59 p.m. ET. If you’re unable to schedule your test by this deadline, you can opt to take your August 2024 LSAT remotely or  you can request a test date change  (fees apply) through your LSAC JD Account.

If your option is to test in the online, live remote-proctored environment, the deadline to schedule your test is Sunday, August 4 at 11:59 p.m. ET. If you’re unable to schedule your test by this deadline, you can request a test date change  (fees apply) through your LSAC JD Account.

Please follow the instructions on our website to schedule your August 2024 LSAT .

Should you encounter any difficulty scheduling your testing session, contact Prometric via phone at 1.800.350.5517. If you have approved testing accommodations, contact Prometric at 1.800.967.1139 and use Option 4.

LSAT Argumentative Writing Is Open for August!

As noted in our previous installments of this blog, LSAT Argumentative Writing will replace the LSAT Writing prompt that has been part of the LSAT since 1982.

Unlike the multiple-choice section of the LSAT, LSAT Argumentative Writing is administered by Meazure Learning (ProctorU). All test takers must have a completed and approved LSAT Argumentative Writing sample on file to receive their score or have their score released to law schools. LSAT Argumentative Writing for the August 2024 test opened on Tuesday, July 30 . Given the large volume of test takers, we strongly encourage you to complete your LSAT Argumentative Writing as soon as it becomes available.

Remember that if you have an approved LSAT Writing sample from a previous LSAT administration, you do not need to complete an LSAT Argumentative Writing sample.

Aside from scratch paper not being permitted, the same rules that govern the LSAT apply to LSAT Argumentative Writing. For a comprehensive list of all prohibited items, please see the LSAC Candidate Agreement . The use, or detection, of any of these items may result in the cancellation of your LSAT Argumentative Writing session.

You can visit the LSAT Argumentative Writing page of your LSAC JD Account to find the “Launch LSAT Argumentative Writing” button. For the best experience, we advise that you begin your session only when you are fully prepared to complete your security checks and move forward with taking your writing test.

As a result of the transition to LSAT Argumentative Writing, test takers with a completed writing sample will no longer have access to a PDF copy of their essay through their LSAC JD Account. This is true both for LSAT Writing samples completed prior to July 30 and for LSAT Argumentative Writing samples completed on or after that date.

Essays completed both before and after July 30 will continue to be part of your LSAC record, just as they are now, and will still be submitted to law schools as part of your application.

Getting Ready for the September 2024 LSAT

The September 2024 LSAT will begin on Wednesday, September 4. Scheduling for the September test will open on Tuesday, August 20. If you’re registered for the September 2024 LSAT, you will receive further communications and detailed instructions for scheduling as we get closer to that date.

Full Refund Deadline Extended for the October 2024 LSAT

The full refund deadline for the October 2024 LSAT administration has been extended to August 29, the day after August score release. August test takers who may also want to take the October test are encouraged to register now. If you decide you do not want to take the October test after receiving your August score, please request a refund through your LSAC JD Account by August 29 at 11:59 p.m. ET. Be sure to complete your LSAT Argumentative Writing sample by August 11 to ensure you receive your LSAT score on score release day.

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Teaching Constitutional Law Historically

Yale Law School, Public Law Research Paper Forthcoming

22 Pages Posted: 31 Jul 2024

Jack M. Balkin

Yale University - Law School

Date Written: July 24, 2024

This short essay explains why I teach the introductory constitutional law course historically. It explains the advantages of a historical approach and the problems of canon formation inherent in an introductory course, which for many students, is the only constitutional law course they will ever take. A historical approach is also a great way to bring constitutional theory into the introductory course, including debates about originalism and the uses of history in constitutional interpretation. The historical approach helps students learn to think about constitutional law from both internal and external perspectives; each perspective is essential to learning constitutional law, and each enriches the other. A historical approach also helps students understand the nature of constitutional revolutions, including the current changes wrought by the Roberts Court. Finally, a historical approach can help students understand the current moment of democratic backsliding in the United States and the country's periodic episodes of constitutional rot and constitutional renewal.

Keywords: constitutional law, pedagogy, history, canon, constitutional revolution, democratic backsliding, constitutional rot, constitutional theory

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Jack M. Balkin (Contact Author)

Yale university - law school ( email ).

P.O. Box 208215 New Haven, CT 06520-8215 United States 203-432-1620 (Phone)

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Home — Essay Samples — Science — Thermodynamics — Entropy and Thermodynamics: Philosophical Exploration

Entropy and Thermodynamics: Philosophical Exploration

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Published: Aug 1, 2024

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Thimmesch named recipient of the lane award for research excellence.

August 5, 2024

Professor Adam Thimmesch is the 2023-2024 recipient of the Lane Award for Research Excellence. This award recognizes someone who excels in the research enterprise and whose scholarship will likely have a significant impact on solving vital societal problems. 

During the past year, Professor Thimmesch wrote two full-length law review articles that have been accepted for publication in the Tennessee Law Review and the Tax Lawyer, as well as substantive essays for JOTWELL. 

Professor Thimmesch teaches at a high level, including creating and teaching a new seminar on Anti-Poverty Tax that required him to develop new course materials. He also serves on several faculty committees that enhance faculty shared governance. 

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The End of the Chevron Era

Thomas a. berry.

The Administrative Procedure Act empowers courts—not agencies—to decide a statute’s single best meaning.

In Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo , decided together with its companion case Relentless v. Department of Commerce , the U.S. Supreme Court announced a sea change in administrative law: “ Chevron is overruled.” To the majority, this decision marks the end of an era of judicial abdication. To the dissenters, overruling Chevron amounts to a massive judicial power grab. What is certain is that by overruling a decision that had been cited in over 18,000 federal court opinions, the Supreme Court has handed down one of the most important decisions in the history of administrative law.

In 1984, a six-justice quorum of the Supreme Court decided Chevron U.S.A. v. Natural Resources Defense Council . In his opinion for the Chevron Court, Justice John Paul Stevens announced a new “two-step” framework for resolving disputes over the scope of an agency’s statutory authority. Under this standard, a court must first consider “the question whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue.” This first question should be “the end of the matter” if “the intent of Congress is clear,” because courts “must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress.” At this stage, courts must employ “the traditional tools of statutory construction” to ascertain whether “Congress had an intention on the precise question at issue.”

It was the second step that would make Chevron a landmark case. If a court finds that “Congress has not directly addressed the precise question at issue,” then, under Chevron , the agency’s interpretation can become determinative. In this situation, Chevron instructed that a court should “not simply impose its own construction on the statute, as would be necessary in the absence of an administrative interpretation.” Instead, courts should ask “whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute.” If the answer is “yes,” Chevron required that the court defer to the agency’s interpretation.

In Loper Bright , Chief Justice John Roberts wrote for a six-justice majority. His opinion homed in on the text of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), which requires that “the reviewing court shall decide all relevant questions of law” in agency cases. The Court held that this text “means what it says,” and therefore the “deference that Chevron requires of courts reviewing agency action cannot be squared with the APA.”

The majority reasoned that for a court to “decide” a question of law, that court “must exercise independent judgment in determining the meaning of statutory provisions.” The majority concluded that “ Chevron defies the command of the APA” because it “requires a court to ignore , not follow, ‘the reading the court would have reached’ had it exercised its independent judgment as required by the APA.”

The most important premise underlying the Loper Bright majority’s reasoning is that there is always a single best reading of a statute. “In an agency case as in any other, …there is a best reading all the same—‘the reading the court would have reached’ if no agency were involved.” The logic of the Court’s opinion necessarily relied on this premise—that “statutes, no matter how impenetrable, do—in fact, must—have a single, best meaning.” And if that premise is accepted, then it “ makes no sense to speak of a ‘permissible’ interpretation that is not the one the court, after applying all relevant interpretive tools, concludes is best. In the business of statutory interpretation, if it is not the best, it is not permissible.”

In defending Chevron , the government had argued that Congress implicitly delegates interpretive authority to agencies when it leaves ambiguities in statutes. On that view, Chevron simply implements congressional intent.

But the majority rejected this argument by looking, once again, to the text of the APA. As the Court noted , the APA “ does mandate that judicial review of agency policymaking and factfinding be deferential,” and thus “Congress surely would have articulated a similarly deferential standard applicable to questions of law had it intended to depart from the settled pre-APA understanding that deciding such questions was ‘exclusively a judicial function.’” In other words, Congress knew how to mandate deferential review when it drafted the APA, and it chose not to do so for questions of law.

Looking beyond the APA, the Court rejected all of the government’s proposed reasons why Congress would supposedly prefer that courts defer to agencies.

First, the Court addressed the theory that “Congress must generally intend for agencies to resolve statutory ambiguities because agencies have subject matter expertise regarding the statutes they administer.” The Court insisted that judges do not need pre-existing expertise to make an informed legal judgment in technical cases, since “the parties and amici in such cases are steeped in the subject matter,” and “reviewing courts have the benefit of their perspectives.” Agencies, just like any other party, can use their technical expertise to persuade a court by making convincing arguments in their briefs. For these reasons, the Court found the better presumption to be “that Congress expects courts to do their ordinary job of interpreting statutes, with due respect for the views of the Executive Branch.”

Next, the Court considered the government’s argument that “deferring to agencies purportedly promotes the uniform construction of federal law.” Once again, this theory could not hold up under the majority’s foundational premise that questions of administrative law have a single correct answer and that judges are tasked with determining that right answer. In many instances, the government will select an interpretation that is not the court’s best view of the law, and “there is little value in imposing a uniform interpretation of a statute if that interpretation is wrong.”

Finally, the Court reiterated that Chevron is about legal questions, not policy questions: “It is reasonable to assume that Congress intends to leave policymaking to political actors. But resolution of statutory ambiguities involves legal interpretation.” The majority opinion reassured that overruling Chevron will not change how courts review statutes that truly delegate policymaking decisions to agencies: “Some statutes ‘expressly delegate ’ to an agency the authority to give meaning to a particular statutory term. … Others empower an agency to prescribe rules to ‘fill up the details’ of a statutory scheme…or to regulate subject to the limits imposed by a term or phrase that ‘leaves agencies with flexibility,’ …such as ‘appropriate’ or ‘reasonable.’” In those situations, courts should continue to “effectuate the will of Congress… by recognizing constitutional delegations,” just as they have before.

In both Loper Bright and Relentless , the challengers had made not only statutory arguments against Chevron , relying on the APA, but also constitutional arguments, relying on Article III . Notably, the majority opinion relied solely on the APA for its holding, declining to hold that Article III of the Constitution requires non-deferential review of questions of law. Although the opinion included several references to the Framers and their motivations for granting Article III judges life tenure and salary protection, the Court never went so far as to suggest that Chevron deference violated Article III’s command that the “judicial power of the United States” be vested in the federal courts.

The Court may have declined to reach this constitutional question simply because it was unnecessary to do so; when a case can be decided on statutory grounds rather than constitutional grounds, the Court will normally take that route. But another possibility is that the majority was implicitly responding to the government’s and dissent’s claim that Congress in fact wants courts to defer to agencies. If that claim of congressional intent is in fact true, nothing in the majority opinion prevents Congress from reinstating Chevron deference tomorrow. Congress need only amend the portion of the APA vesting all decisions of law in the reviewing court and explicitly add a rule of deference.

In a solo concurrence , Justice Clarence Thomas briefly noted that he believes Chevron deference violates Article III of the Constitution. In another solo concurrence , Justice Neil Gorsuch seemed sympathetic to that view, writing that under Chevron “authorities long thought reserved for Article III are transferred to Article II.” The views of the other four justices in the majority on this constitutional question remain unknown, and the question would be likely to arise only if Congress does in fact mandate deferential review in the APA or another statute.

Justice Gorsuch’s concurrence also addressed his views on stare decisis and his considerations when evaluating a precedent. Besides the obvious point that, in the view of Justice Gorsuch and the majority, Chevron was wrongly decided, two other factors were key to his view that Chevron should be overruled. Justice Gorsuch argued that “ Chevron deference runs against mainstream currents in our law regarding the separation of powers, due process, and centuries-old interpretive rules.” And he further argued that the Chevron two-step arose from “stray statements” in the Chevron opinion that were in tension with “more considered language in that same decision.”

Justice Elena Kagan dissented , joined by Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Ketanji Brown Jackson. Justice Kagan rejected the majority’s foundational premise that the types of questions decided under Chevron have only one best answer. In Justice Kagan’s view , it is often the case that “a statutory phrase has more than one reasonable reading. And Congress has not chosen among them: It has not, in any real-world sense, ‘fixed’ the ‘single, best meaning’ at ‘the time of enactment.’”

Justice Kagan believes that answering the types of questions previously found “ambiguous” under Chevron “does not mainly demand the interpretive skills courts possess. Instead, it demands one or more of: subject-matter expertise, long engagement with a regulatory scheme, and policy choice.” And Justice Kagan’s view that these are policy choices, not legal decisions, informed her view of what Congress would likely want courts to do. Her dissent argued that Chevron deference “rests on a presumption about legislative intent.” As Justice Kagan put it , Congress knows that regulatory “statutes will inevitably contain ambiguities that some other actor will have to resolve, and gaps that some other actor will have to fill. And it would usually prefer that actor to be the responsible agency, not a court.”

Justice Kagan also found the text of the APA perfectly consistent with this presumption. Looking at the APA text on which the majority relied, Justice Kagan argued that the APA “does not prescribe a de novo standard of review” for legal questions and that a court just as much “decides” a legal question when it uses a deferential standard, as Chevron called for.

Ultimately, the majority’s implicit response to this criticism is that if Congress disagrees with the majority’s view, the ball remains in Congress’s court. Not only may Congress amend the APA, it may also draft any individual statute so that its “best reading…is that it delegates discretionary authority to an agency.” Or, if Congress disagrees with the policy that results from a court’s interpretation, it is “always free to act by revising the statute.”

The Court’s opinion in Loper Bright sets no limitations on Congress’s ability to explicitly delegate policy choices to the Executive Branch (the extent to which such delegations may be limited by the nondelegation doctrine is a question for another case). Instead, the opinion has ended what was, in the majority’s view, a harmful legal fiction that prevented courts from doing their jobs: “By forcing courts to…pretend that ambiguities are necessarily delegations, Chevron does not prevent judges from making policy. It prevents them from judging.”

Thomas Berry is a legal fellow in the Cato Institute’s Robert A. Levy Center for Constitutional Studies and Editor-in-Chief of the Cato Supreme Court Review . He co-authored Cato’s amicus brief in Loper Bright , which urged the Court to overrule Chevron .

This essay is part of a series, titled  The Supreme Court’s 2023-2024 Regulatory Term .

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