disadvantages of using a case study in research

Case Study Method – 18 Advantages and Disadvantages

The case study method uses investigatory research as a way to collect data about specific demographics. This approach can apply to individuals, businesses, groups, or events. Each participant receives an equal amount of participation, offering information for collection that can then find new insights into specific trends, ideas, of hypotheses.

Interviews and research observation are the two standard methods of data collection used when following the case study method.

Researchers initially developed the case study method to develop and support hypotheses in clinical medicine. The benefits found in these efforts led the approach to transition to other industries, allowing for the examination of results through proposed decisions, processes, or outcomes. Its unique approach to information makes it possible for others to glean specific points of wisdom that encourage growth.

Several case study method advantages and disadvantages can appear when researchers take this approach.

List of the Advantages of the Case Study Method

1. It requires an intensive study of a specific unit. Researchers must document verifiable data from direct observations when using the case study method. This work offers information about the input processes that go into the hypothesis under consideration. A casual approach to data-gathering work is not effective if a definitive outcome is desired. Each behavior, choice, or comment is a critical component that can verify or dispute the ideas being considered.

Intensive programs can require a significant amount of work for researchers, but it can also promote an improvement in the data collected. That means a hypothesis can receive immediate verification in some situations.

2. No sampling is required when following the case study method. This research method studies social units in their entire perspective instead of pulling individual data points out to analyze them. That means there is no sampling work required when using the case study method. The hypothesis under consideration receives support because it works to turn opinions into facts, verifying or denying the proposals that outside observers can use in the future.

Although researchers might pay attention to specific incidents or outcomes based on generalized behaviors or ideas, the study itself won’t sample those situations. It takes a look at the “bigger vision” instead.

3. This method offers a continuous analysis of the facts. The case study method will look at the facts continuously for the social group being studied by researchers. That means there aren’t interruptions in the process that could limit the validity of the data being collected through this work. This advantage reduces the need to use assumptions when drawing conclusions from the information, adding validity to the outcome of the study over time. That means the outcome becomes relevant to both sides of the equation as it can prove specific suppositions or invalidate a hypothesis under consideration.

This advantage can lead to inefficiencies because of the amount of data being studied by researchers. It is up to the individuals involved in the process to sort out what is useful and meaningful and what is not.

4. It is a useful approach to take when formulating a hypothesis. Researchers will use the case study method advantages to verify a hypothesis under consideration. It is not unusual for the collected data to lead people toward the formulation of new ideas after completing this work. This process encourages further study because it allows concepts to evolve as people do in social or physical environments. That means a complete data set can be gathered based on the skills of the researcher and the honesty of the individuals involved in the study itself.

Although this approach won’t develop a societal-level evaluation of a hypothesis, it can look at how specific groups will react in various circumstances. That information can lead to a better decision-making process in the future for everyone involved.

5. It provides an increase in knowledge. The case study method provides everyone with analytical power to increase knowledge. This advantage is possible because it uses a variety of methodologies to collect information while evaluating a hypothesis. Researchers prefer to use direct observation and interviews to complete their work, but it can also advantage through the use of questionnaires. Participants might need to fill out a journal or diary about their experiences that can be used to study behaviors or choices.

Some researchers incorporate memory tests and experimental tasks to determine how social groups will interact or respond in specific situations. All of this data then works to verify the possibilities that a hypothesis proposes.

6. The case study method allows for comparisons. The human experience is one that is built on individual observations from group situations. Specific demographics might think, act, or respond in particular ways to stimuli, but each person in that group will also contribute a small part to the whole. You could say that people are sponges that collect data from one another every day to create individual outcomes.

The case study method allows researchers to take the information from each demographic for comparison purposes. This information can then lead to proposals that support a hypothesis or lead to its disruption.

7. Data generalization is possible using the case study method. The case study method provides a foundation for data generalization, allowing researches to illustrate their statistical findings in meaningful ways. It puts the information into a usable format that almost anyone can use if they have the need to evaluate the hypothesis under consideration. This process makes it easier to discover unusual features, unique outcomes, or find conclusions that wouldn’t be available without this method. It does an excellent job of identifying specific concepts that relate to the proposed ideas that researchers were verifying through their work.

Generalization does not apply to a larger population group with the case study method. What researchers can do with this information is to suggest a predictable outcome when similar groups are placed in an equal situation.

8. It offers a comprehensive approach to research. Nothing gets ignored when using the case study method to collect information. Every person, place, or thing involved in the research receives the complete attention of those seeking data. The interactions are equal, which means the data is comprehensive and directly reflective of the group being observed.

This advantage means that there are fewer outliers to worry about when researching an idea, leading to a higher level of accuracy in the conclusions drawn by the researchers.

9. The identification of deviant cases is possible with this method. The case study method of research makes it easier to identify deviant cases that occur in each social group. These incidents are units (people) that behave in ways that go against the hypothesis under consideration. Instead of ignoring them like other options do when collecting data, this approach incorporates the “rogue” behavior to understand why it exists in the first place.

This advantage makes the eventual data and conclusions gathered more reliable because it incorporates the “alternative opinion” that exists. One might say that the case study method places as much emphasis on the yin as it does the yang so that the whole picture becomes available to the outside observer.

10. Questionnaire development is possible with the case study method. Interviews and direct observation are the preferred methods of implementing the case study method because it is cheap and done remotely. The information gathered by researchers can also lead to farming questionnaires that can farm additional data from those being studied. When all of the data resources come together, it is easier to formulate a conclusion that accurately reflects the demographics.

Some people in the case study method may try to manipulate the results for personal reasons, but this advantage makes it possible to identify this information readily. Then researchers can look into the thinking that goes into the dishonest behaviors observed.

List of the Disadvantages of the Case Study Method

1. The case study method offers limited representation. The usefulness of the case study method is limited to a specific group of representatives. Researchers are looking at a specific demographic when using this option. That means it is impossible to create any generalization that applies to the rest of society, an organization, or a larger community with this work. The findings can only apply to other groups caught in similar circumstances with the same experiences.

It is useful to use the case study method when attempting to discover the specific reasons why some people behave in a specific way. If researchers need something more generalized, then a different method must be used.

2. No classification is possible with the case study method. This disadvantage is also due to the sample size in the case study method. No classification is possible because researchers are studying such a small unit, group, or demographic. It can be an inefficient process since the skills of the researcher help to determine the quality of the data being collected to verify the validity of a hypothesis. Some participants may be unwilling to answer or participate, while others might try to guess at the outcome to support it.

Researchers can get trapped in a place where they explore more tangents than the actual hypothesis with this option. Classification can occur within the units being studied, but this data cannot extrapolate to other demographics.

3. The case study method still offers the possibility of errors. Each person has an unconscious bias that influences their behaviors and choices. The case study method can find outliers that oppose a hypothesis fairly easily thanks to its emphasis on finding facts, but it is up to the researchers to determine what information qualifies for this designation. If the results from the case study method are surprising or go against the opinion of participating individuals, then there is still the possibility that the information will not be 100% accurate.

Researchers must have controls in place that dictate how data gathering work occurs. Without this limitation in place, the results of the study cannot be guaranteed because of the presence of bias.

4. It is a subjective method to use for research. Although the purpose of the case study method of research is to gather facts, the foundation of what gets gathered is still based on opinion. It uses the subjective method instead of the objective one when evaluating data, which means there can be another layer of errors in the information to consider.

Imagine that a researcher interprets someone’s response as “angry” when performing direct observation, but the individual was feeling “shame” because of a decision they made. The difference between those two emotions is profound, and it could lead to information disruptions that could be problematic to the eventual work of hypothesis verification.

5. The processes required by the case study method are not useful for everyone. The case study method uses a person’s memories, explanations, and records from photographs and diaries to identify interactions on influences on psychological processes. People are given the chance to describe what happens in the world around them as a way for researchers to gather data. This process can be an advantage in some industries, but it can also be a worthless approach to some groups.

If the social group under study doesn’t have the information, knowledge, or wisdom to provide meaningful data, then the processes are no longer useful. Researchers must weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the case study method before starting their work to determine if the possibility of value exists. If it does not, then a different method may be necessary.

6. It is possible for bias to form in the data. It’s not just an unconscious bias that can form in the data when using the case study method. The narrow study approach can lead to outright discrimination in the data. Researchers can decide to ignore outliers or any other information that doesn’t support their hypothesis when using this method. The subjective nature of this approach makes it difficult to challenge the conclusions that get drawn from this work, and the limited pool of units (people) means that duplication is almost impossible.

That means unethical people can manipulate the results gathered by the case study method to their own advantage without much accountability in the process.

7. This method has no fixed limits to it. This method of research is highly dependent on situational circumstances rather than overarching societal or corporate truths. That means the researcher has no fixed limits of investigation. Even when controls are in place to limit bias or recommend specific activities, the case study method has enough flexibility built into its structures to allow for additional exploration. That means it is possible for this work to continue indefinitely, gathering data that never becomes useful.

Scientists began to track the health of 268 sophomores at Harvard in 1938. The Great Depression was in its final years at that point, so the study hoped to reveal clues that lead to happy and healthy lives. It continues still today, now incorporating the children of the original participants, providing over 80 years of information to sort through for conclusions.

8. The case study method is time-consuming and expensive. The case study method can be affordable in some situations, but the lack of fixed limits and the ability to pursue tangents can make it a costly process in most situations. It takes time to gather the data in the first place, and then researchers must interpret the information received so that they can use it for hypothesis evaluation. There are other methods of data collection that can be less expensive and provide results faster.

That doesn’t mean the case study method is useless. The individualization of results can help the decision-making process advance in a variety of industries successfully. It just takes more time to reach the appropriate conclusion, and that might be a resource that isn’t available.

The advantages and disadvantages of the case study method suggest that the helpfulness of this research option depends on the specific hypothesis under consideration. When researchers have the correct skills and mindset to gather data accurately, then it can lead to supportive data that can verify ideas with tremendous accuracy.

This research method can also be used unethically to produce specific results that can be difficult to challenge.

When bias enters into the structure of the case study method, the processes become inefficient, inaccurate, and harmful to the hypothesis. That’s why great care must be taken when designing a study with this approach. It might be a labor-intensive way to develop conclusions, but the outcomes are often worth the investments needed.

10 Case Study Advantages and Disadvantages

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

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A case study in academic research is a detailed and in-depth examination of a specific instance or event, generally conducted through a qualitative approach to data.

The most common case study definition that I come across is is Robert K. Yin’s (2003, p. 13) quote provided below:

“An empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.”

Researchers conduct case studies for a number of reasons, such as to explore complex phenomena within their real-life context, to look at a particularly interesting instance of a situation, or to dig deeper into something of interest identified in a wider-scale project.

While case studies render extremely interesting data, they have many limitations and are not suitable for all studies. One key limitation is that a case study’s findings are not usually generalizable to broader populations because one instance cannot be used to infer trends across populations.

Case Study Advantages and Disadvantages

1. in-depth analysis of complex phenomena.

Case study design allows researchers to delve deeply into intricate issues and situations.

By focusing on a specific instance or event, researchers can uncover nuanced details and layers of understanding that might be missed with other research methods, especially large-scale survey studies.

As Lee and Saunders (2017) argue,

“It allows that particular event to be studies in detail so that its unique qualities may be identified.”

This depth of analysis can provide rich insights into the underlying factors and dynamics of the studied phenomenon.

2. Holistic Understanding

Building on the above point, case studies can help us to understand a topic holistically and from multiple angles.

This means the researcher isn’t restricted to just examining a topic by using a pre-determined set of questions, as with questionnaires. Instead, researchers can use qualitative methods to delve into the many different angles, perspectives, and contextual factors related to the case study.

We can turn to Lee and Saunders (2017) again, who notes that case study researchers “develop a deep, holistic understanding of a particular phenomenon” with the intent of deeply understanding the phenomenon.

3. Examination of rare and Unusual Phenomena

We need to use case study methods when we stumble upon “rare and unusual” (Lee & Saunders, 2017) phenomena that would tend to be seen as mere outliers in population studies.

Take, for example, a child genius. A population study of all children of that child’s age would merely see this child as an outlier in the dataset, and this child may even be removed in order to predict overall trends.

So, to truly come to an understanding of this child and get insights into the environmental conditions that led to this child’s remarkable cognitive development, we need to do an in-depth study of this child specifically – so, we’d use a case study.

4. Helps Reveal the Experiences of Marginalzied Groups

Just as rare and unsual cases can be overlooked in population studies, so too can the experiences, beliefs, and perspectives of marginalized groups.

As Lee and Saunders (2017) argue, “case studies are also extremely useful in helping the expression of the voices of people whose interests are often ignored.”

Take, for example, the experiences of minority populations as they navigate healthcare systems. This was for many years a “hidden” phenomenon, not examined by researchers. It took case study designs to truly reveal this phenomenon, which helped to raise practitioners’ awareness of the importance of cultural sensitivity in medicine.

5. Ideal in Situations where Researchers cannot Control the Variables

Experimental designs – where a study takes place in a lab or controlled environment – are excellent for determining cause and effect . But not all studies can take place in controlled environments (Tetnowski, 2015).

When we’re out in the field doing observational studies or similar fieldwork, we don’t have the freedom to isolate dependent and independent variables. We need to use alternate methods.

Case studies are ideal in such situations.

A case study design will allow researchers to deeply immerse themselves in a setting (potentially combining it with methods such as ethnography or researcher observation) in order to see how phenomena take place in real-life settings.

6. Supports the generation of new theories or hypotheses

While large-scale quantitative studies such as cross-sectional designs and population surveys are excellent at testing theories and hypotheses on a large scale, they need a hypothesis to start off with!

This is where case studies – in the form of grounded research – come in. Often, a case study doesn’t start with a hypothesis. Instead, it ends with a hypothesis based upon the findings within a singular setting.

The deep analysis allows for hypotheses to emerge, which can then be taken to larger-scale studies in order to conduct further, more generalizable, testing of the hypothesis or theory.

7. Reveals the Unexpected

When a largescale quantitative research project has a clear hypothesis that it will test, it often becomes very rigid and has tunnel-vision on just exploring the hypothesis.

Of course, a structured scientific examination of the effects of specific interventions targeted at specific variables is extermely valuable.

But narrowly-focused studies often fail to shine a spotlight on unexpected and emergent data. Here, case studies come in very useful. Oftentimes, researchers set their eyes on a phenomenon and, when examining it closely with case studies, identify data and come to conclusions that are unprecedented, unforeseen, and outright surprising.

As Lars Meier (2009, p. 975) marvels, “where else can we become a part of foreign social worlds and have the chance to become aware of the unexpected?”

Disadvantages

1. not usually generalizable.

Case studies are not generalizable because they tend not to look at a broad enough corpus of data to be able to infer that there is a trend across a population.

As Yang (2022) argues, “by definition, case studies can make no claims to be typical.”

Case studies focus on one specific instance of a phenomenon. They explore the context, nuances, and situational factors that have come to bear on the case study. This is really useful for bringing to light important, new, and surprising information, as I’ve already covered.

But , it’s not often useful for generating data that has validity beyond the specific case study being examined.

2. Subjectivity in interpretation

Case studies usually (but not always) use qualitative data which helps to get deep into a topic and explain it in human terms, finding insights unattainable by quantitative data.

But qualitative data in case studies relies heavily on researcher interpretation. While researchers can be trained and work hard to focus on minimizing subjectivity (through methods like triangulation), it often emerges – some might argue it’s innevitable in qualitative studies.

So, a criticism of case studies could be that they’re more prone to subjectivity – and researchers need to take strides to address this in their studies.

3. Difficulty in replicating results

Case study research is often non-replicable because the study takes place in complex real-world settings where variables are not controlled.

So, when returning to a setting to re-do or attempt to replicate a study, we often find that the variables have changed to such an extent that replication is difficult. Furthermore, new researchers (with new subjective eyes) may catch things that the other readers overlooked.

Replication is even harder when researchers attempt to replicate a case study design in a new setting or with different participants.

Comprehension Quiz for Students

Question 1: What benefit do case studies offer when exploring the experiences of marginalized groups?

a) They provide generalizable data. b) They help express the voices of often-ignored individuals. c) They control all variables for the study. d) They always start with a clear hypothesis.

Question 2: Why might case studies be considered ideal for situations where researchers cannot control all variables?

a) They provide a structured scientific examination. b) They allow for generalizability across populations. c) They focus on one specific instance of a phenomenon. d) They allow for deep immersion in real-life settings.

Question 3: What is a primary disadvantage of case studies in terms of data applicability?

a) They always focus on the unexpected. b) They are not usually generalizable. c) They support the generation of new theories. d) They provide a holistic understanding.

Question 4: Why might case studies be considered more prone to subjectivity?

a) They always use quantitative data. b) They heavily rely on researcher interpretation, especially with qualitative data. c) They are always replicable. d) They look at a broad corpus of data.

Question 5: In what situations are experimental designs, such as those conducted in labs, most valuable?

a) When there’s a need to study rare and unusual phenomena. b) When a holistic understanding is required. c) When determining cause-and-effect relationships. d) When the study focuses on marginalized groups.

Question 6: Why is replication challenging in case study research?

a) Because they always use qualitative data. b) Because they tend to focus on a broad corpus of data. c) Due to the changing variables in complex real-world settings. d) Because they always start with a hypothesis.

Lee, B., & Saunders, M. N. K. (2017). Conducting Case Study Research for Business and Management Students. SAGE Publications.

Meir, L. (2009). Feasting on the Benefits of Case Study Research. In Mills, A. J., Wiebe, E., & Durepos, G. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Case Study Research (Vol. 2). London: SAGE Publications.

Tetnowski, J. (2015). Qualitative case study research design.  Perspectives on fluency and fluency disorders ,  25 (1), 39-45. ( Source )

Yang, S. L. (2022). The War on Corruption in China: Local Reform and Innovation . Taylor & Francis.

Yin, R. (2003). Case Study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

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Home » Pros and Cons » 12 Case Study Method Advantages and Disadvantages

12 Case Study Method Advantages and Disadvantages

A case study is an investigation into an individual circumstance. The investigation may be of a single person, business, event, or group. The investigation involves collecting in-depth data about the individual entity through the use of several collection methods. Interviews and observation are two of the most common forms of data collection used.

The case study method was originally developed in the field of clinical medicine. It has expanded since to other industries to examine key results, either positive or negative, that were received through a specific set of decisions. This allows for the topic to be researched with great detail, allowing others to glean knowledge from the information presented.

Here are the advantages and disadvantages of using the case study method.

List of the Advantages of the Case Study Method

1. it turns client observations into useable data..

Case studies offer verifiable data from direct observations of the individual entity involved. These observations provide information about input processes. It can show the path taken which led to specific results being generated. Those observations make it possible for others, in similar circumstances, to potentially replicate the results discovered by the case study method.

2. It turns opinion into fact.

Case studies provide facts to study because you’re looking at data which was generated in real-time. It is a way for researchers to turn their opinions into information that can be verified as fact because there is a proven path of positive or negative development. Singling out a specific incident also provides in-depth details about the path of development, which gives it extra credibility to the outside observer.

3. It is relevant to all parties involved.

Case studies that are chosen well will be relevant to everyone who is participating in the process. Because there is such a high level of relevance involved, researchers are able to stay actively engaged in the data collection process. Participants are able to further their knowledge growth because there is interest in the outcome of the case study. Most importantly, the case study method essentially forces people to make a decision about the question being studied, then defend their position through the use of facts.

4. It uses a number of different research methodologies.

The case study method involves more than just interviews and direct observation. Case histories from a records database can be used with this method. Questionnaires can be distributed to participants in the entity being studies. Individuals who have kept diaries and journals about the entity being studied can be included. Even certain experimental tasks, such as a memory test, can be part of this research process.

5. It can be done remotely.

Researchers do not need to be present at a specific location or facility to utilize the case study method. Research can be obtained over the phone, through email, and other forms of remote communication. Even interviews can be conducted over the phone. That means this method is good for formative research that is exploratory in nature, even if it must be completed from a remote location.

6. It is inexpensive.

Compared to other methods of research, the case study method is rather inexpensive. The costs associated with this method involve accessing data, which can often be done for free. Even when there are in-person interviews or other on-site duties involved, the costs of reviewing the data are minimal.

7. It is very accessible to readers.

The case study method puts data into a usable format for those who read the data and note its outcome. Although there may be perspectives of the researcher included in the outcome, the goal of this method is to help the reader be able to identify specific concepts to which they also relate. That allows them to discover unusual features within the data, examine outliers that may be present, or draw conclusions from their own experiences.

List of the Disadvantages of the Case Study Method

1. it can have influence factors within the data..

Every person has their own unconscious bias. Although the case study method is designed to limit the influence of this bias by collecting fact-based data, it is the collector of the data who gets to define what is a “fact” and what is not. That means the real-time data being collected may be based on the results the researcher wants to see from the entity instead. By controlling how facts are collected, a research can control the results this method generates.

2. It takes longer to analyze the data.

The information collection process through the case study method takes much longer to collect than other research options. That is because there is an enormous amount of data which must be sifted through. It’s not just the researchers who can influence the outcome in this type of research method. Participants can also influence outcomes by given inaccurate or incomplete answers to questions they are asked. Researchers must verify the information presented to ensure its accuracy, and that takes time to complete.

3. It can be an inefficient process.

Case study methods require the participation of the individuals or entities involved for it to be a successful process. That means the skills of the researcher will help to determine the quality of information that is being received. Some participants may be quiet, unwilling to answer even basic questions about what is being studied. Others may be overly talkative, exploring tangents which have nothing to do with the case study at all. If researchers are unsure of how to manage this process, then incomplete data is often collected.

4. It requires a small sample size to be effective.

The case study method requires a small sample size for it to yield an effective amount of data to be analyzed. If there are different demographics involved with the entity, or there are different needs which must be examined, then the case study method becomes very inefficient.

5. It is a labor-intensive method of data collection.

The case study method requires researchers to have a high level of language skills to be successful with data collection. Researchers must be personally involved in every aspect of collecting the data as well. From reviewing files or entries personally to conducting personal interviews, the concepts and themes of this process are heavily reliant on the amount of work each researcher is willing to put into things.

These case study method advantages and disadvantages offer a look at the effectiveness of this research option. With the right skill set, it can be used as an effective tool to gather rich, detailed information about specific entities. Without the right skill set, the case study method becomes inefficient and inaccurate.

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Pros and Cons of case studies

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• Post published: March 27, 2020
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Case studies are research methodologies that are used and analyzed in order to depict principles; they have been usually used in social sciences. They are research strategies and experiential inquiries that seek to examine various phenomena within a real-life context. Case studies seek to explain and give details in the analysis of people and events. There are several pros that back case studies and there are cons too that criticize them. The pros and cons are listed below.

1 . They show client observations- Since case studies are strategies that are used and analyzed in order to describe principles therefore it seeks to show indeed the client investigated and experienced a particular phenomenon.

2 . Makes practical improvements- Case studies present facts that categorically describe particular people or events in order to make some of the necessary improvements. Case studies data is what supports a particular belief.

3 . They are an influential way of portraying something- If a researcher wants to prove a particular principle to be true, he or she must back it by case studies in order to make the other people and the naysayers believe.

4 . They turn opinions into facts- Case studies present real data on a particular phenomenon. Since facts about various things are presented then it can be verified through this kind of data if the information presented is in the positive or negative development of opinion.

5 . It is relevant to all the parties that are involved- Case studies help the researchers in actively focusing on the data collection process and the participants’ knowledge is bettered. At the end of the process, everybody is able to defend his position through facts.

6 . A number of different research methodologies can be used in case the studies- Case study method goes beyond the interview and direct observations. Secondary data can be obtained from various historical sources that can be used to back the method.

7 . Case studies can be done remotely- It is not essential for a researcher to be present in the specific location of the study in order to effectively use the case study method. Other forms of communication come in to cover that gap for the researcher.

8 . It has a very high cost- If you put this research method in comparison to the others, this one seems more expensive because the cost of accessing data is very high.

9 . Readers can access data from this method very easily- The The format in which case studies present their data is very useful to the readers and easily note the outcomes of the same.

10 . Collects data that cannot be collected by another method- The type of data collected by case studies is much richer and greater in-depth than that of the other experimental methods.

1 . Data collected cannot be generalized- The data collected by the case study method was collected from a smaller population it cannot be generalized to the wider population.

2 . Some of the case studies are not scientific- The weakness of the data collected in some of the case studies that are not scientific is that it cannot be generalized.

3 . It is very difficult to draw a definite cause/effect from case studies- The the kind of data that case studies present cannot be used to draw a definite cause-effect relationship.

4 . Case studies concentrate on one experiment- The problem associated with concentrating on one experiment or a specific group of people is that the data presented might contain some kind of bias.

5 . It takes a lot of time to analyze the data- This process takes longer to analyze the data because there is a very large amount of data that must be collected. Participants might take a lot of time in giving answers or giving inaccurate information.

6 . Case studies can be inefficient processes- Sometimes the researchers are not present in the study areas which means they will not be able to notice whether the information provided is accurate or not terming the whole process inefficient.

7 . Case study method can only be effective with a small sample size- If a very large sample size is involved in the case study it is likely for it to become inefficient because the method requires a small sample size to get the data and analyze it.

8 . The method requires a lot of labor in data collection- The researcher is seriously needed in the data collection of this method. They have to be personally involved in order to be able to identify the quality of the data provided.

9 . There are factors that can influence the data- The method of data collection is meant to collect fact-based data but the power to determine what fact is and what is not is the person who is collecting the data.

10 . There is no right answer in case studies- Case studies do not present any specific answer that is right, the problem arises in the validation of solutions because there is more than one way of looking at things.

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Case Study Method Advantages and Disadvantages: Essential Insights for Success

Ever wondered why the case study method is so popular in fields like business, psychology, and education? It’s because case studies offer a unique way to dive deep into real-world scenarios, allowing you to explore complex issues in a detailed manner. By examining specific instances, you gain insights that are often missed in broader surveys or theoretical research.

But like any other research method, the case study approach has its pros and cons. While it provides in-depth understanding and rich qualitative data, it can also be time-consuming and sometimes lacks generalizability. So, how do you decide if it’s the right method for your research? Let’s explore the advantages and disadvantages to help you make an informed choice.

Key Takeaways

• In-Depth Insights: Case studies provide comprehensive and detailed data by exploring specific real-world scenarios, often revealing nuances and contexts missed by broader research methods.
• Qualitative and Quantitative Data: This method involves gathering a mix of qualitative and quantitative data, enhancing the richness and depth of the research.
• Challenges of Generalizability: While case studies offer in-depth insight, their findings are often specific to the case and may not be broadly applicable to other settings or situations.
• Time-Consuming Process: Conducting case studies requires significant time and effort, which can be a limitation for busy entrepreneurs and researchers needing quick insights.
• Strategic Application: Use case studies when exploring unique business models, understanding specific customer behaviors, or analyzing specific scenarios, but employ strategies like diversifying sources and effective time management to mitigate potential drawbacks.

Understanding the Case Study Method

Curious about how the case study method can enhance your entrepreneurial journey? Let’s break it down.

What Is a Case Study?

A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single entity, such as an individual, group, organization, or event. By focusing on real-life contexts, it provides comprehensive insights that can unveil unique patterns typically missed by broader research methods. This method involves a mix of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques, including interviews, observations, and document analysis.

How Case Studies Are Used in Research

Researchers use case studies extensively across various fields due to their flexibility and depth of analysis. In business, they help you understand market trends, customer behavior, and effective strategies by examining real-life examples. Successful startups often serve as case studies, providing valuable lessons for budding entrepreneurs. In education, case studies contextualize theories, making learning more relatable. In psychology, they offer detailed explorations of specific issues or treatments, which can inform broader practices.

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Advantages of the Case Study Method

The case study method stands out in business and entrepreneurial research, offering in-depth insights and practical lessons.

In-Depth Data Collection

You gather comprehensive data through case studies, using techniques like interviews, observations, and document reviews. By employing both qualitative and quantitative methods, you gain a thorough understanding of real-world applications and business strategies. This approach lets you explore each aspect of a business scenario, providing detailed evidence for your insights.

Uncovering Nuances and Context

Case studies reveal unique patterns and hidden details often missed by broader research methods. When you analyze a successful startup, you uncover specific strategies that contributed to its success. This method helps you understand the context behind decisions, market conditions, and customer behavior, offering actionable insights for your entrepreneurial endeavors. By focusing on the nuances, you can apply these learnings to your own business and side-hustles, refining your strategies for better outcomes.

Disadvantages of the Case Study Method

Despite the many advantages, the case study method also presents several challenges that can impact its effectiveness in business contexts.

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Limitations in Generalizability

Case studies provide in-depth insights into specific scenarios; however, they often lack broad applicability. When focusing on a single business or entrepreneur, findings may not represent the experiences of others. For instance, a strategy that worked for a particular online startup might not yield the same results for a different venture due to varying market conditions and business models. Limited sample sizes in case studies further constrain their generalizability, making it difficult to formulate universal conclusions or industry-wide trends.

Time-Consuming Nature

Conducting case studies requires significant time and effort. Collecting data through interviews, observations, and document reviews can be particularly exhaustive. As an entrepreneur juggling multiple side-hustles, dedicating time to such detailed research might detract from hands-on activities that directly impact your business. Long research durations also delay the availability of insights, making them less timely or relevant in rapidly evolving market conditions. This time-intensive nature can be a deterrent, especially when quick decision-making and agility are crucial for business success.

Balancing the Pros and Cons

For entrepreneurs and business enthusiasts like you, the case study method offers a way to dive deep into specific business scenarios. It’s a powerful tool, but it has both benefits and challenges.

When to Choose Case Study Method

Use the case study method when you need detailed, practical insights. This method works well when exploring unique business models, understanding specific customer behaviors, or examining the success strategies of other startups. Large-scale statistics can’t capture the nuances you get from a focused case study.

• Launching a new product and needing to understand early adopter behavior.
• Analyzing a failed competitor to learn what went wrong.

Strategies to Mitigate Disadvantages

To mitigate the limitations of case studies, employ these strategies:

• Diversify Sources : Include multiple case studies to build a broader understanding, reducing the risk of overgeneralization.
• Time Management : Allocate specific time slots for case study research to prevent it from consuming your hands-on business activities.
• Collaborate : Work with others to share the research load and bring in diverse perspectives.

These strategies help you get the most out of the case study method while addressing common drawbacks.

The case study method offers a unique way to gain in-depth insights and analyze complex scenarios in various fields. While it has its challenges like time consumption and limited generalizability you can still leverage its strengths by using diverse sources and effective time management. Collaborating with others can also help you make the most out of your case studies. By understanding when and how to use this method you’ll be better equipped to harness its full potential for your business or research endeavors.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the primary benefits of the case study method in business.

The case study method offers detailed insights, helps analyze market trends, and understands customer behavior through both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques.

What fields commonly use the case study method?

The case study method is popular in business, psychology, and education for its ability to provide comprehensive and detailed insights.

What are the main disadvantages of using the case study method in business?

The main disadvantages include limitations in generalizability and the time-consuming nature of conducting in-depth research.

How can businesses mitigate the limitations of the case study method?

Businesses can mitigate limitations by diversifying their data sources, managing research time effectively, and collaborating with others to enhance the quality and applicability of their case studies.

When should entrepreneurs and business enthusiasts choose the case study method?

Entrepreneurs and business enthusiasts should choose the case study method when they need detailed, qualitative insights that cannot be captured through other research methods.

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What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of a Case Study?

Case studie s are a valuable research tool used in various fields to explore real-life situations in detail. They can present problems, analyze them, and even inspire solutions. For example, companies might use case studies to train employees by examining past scenarios.

However, case studies have advantages and disadvantages, like any research method. This article will delve into both sides to help you comprehend the strengths and limitations of this approach.

What is a Case Study?

Case studie s delve deeply into real-life situations or realistic scenarios, making them valuable tools for learning in various fields. They present a problem and challenge individuals to analyze it and develop solutions. For instance, companies might use case studies to train employees by exploring past situations. An example could be a case study on how a specific company used a SWOT analysis to enhance its office space.

A case study is a research method that involves an in-depth and detailed examination of a specific subject, such as an individual, group, event, or situation. Like any research method, case studies have their own set of advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of a Case Study

A case study is a research method that involves an in-depth and detailed examination of a specific subject, often within its real-life context. There are several advantages associated with using case studies in research and analysis, including :

• Intensive study
• Developing new research
• Contradicting established ideas or theories
• Giving new insight

Intensive Study

The case study method involves an in-depth, detailed examination of a single unit, event or individual. It allows for intensive exploration that cannot be replicated experimentally, often due to ethical limitations.

The case of Genie, the feral child who endured severe abuse and isolation for over 13 years, presented a unique opportunity for researchers. Depriving a child of human contact and ordinary developmental experiences would be unethical to recreate experimentally. When Genie was discovered, scientists could learn from her tragic circumstances.

Genie had been confined and punished for making noise from infancy, drastically impacting her cognitive and physical development. Upon her rescue, researchers documented her abilities and attempted to facilitate her acquisition of language and communication skills. While she made some progress with nonverbal communication, she did not gain the whole spoken language.

Despite the public’s waning interest over time, Genie’s case provided invaluable insights into critical periods for language learning and the necessity of stimulation for proper childhood development within psychology and linguistics. Her circumstances, though unethical to replicate, allowed learning that advanced understanding of human developmental needs.

Developing New Research

Case studies are valuable tools that can drive further research in a field. By conducting an in-depth examination of a particular real-world situation, case studies can uncover significant findings that open up new areas for advanced exploration. Many impactful research initiatives have originated from the revelations of case studies.

An influential example is Barbara Ehrenreich’s sociological case study documented in her book “Nickel and Dimed.” To investigate poverty in America directly, Ehrenreich took minimum wage jobs and lived accordingly. Her firsthand experience revealed how difficult it is for the working poor to escape poverty – even minor setbacks like illness or car troubles can rapidly deplete meager savings with no financial safety net. Regardless of location or job, she found no opportunities to get ahead while earning minimum wage, even as a single person without children.

Ehrenreich’s embedded case study powerfully illustrated the harsh realities of poverty to a broad audience. While not providing solutions, it highlighted the struggles of America’s working poor. The eye-opening insights from this case study could spur further research into more effectively addressing poverty and aiding the working poor through evidence-based policies and programs.

Contradicting Established Ideas or Theories

Sometimes, theories are tested through case studies, but the studies may have flaws or limitations. A well-known example is the John/John case study, which examined the idea that nurture rather than biological factors shape gender identity.

The case involved twin boys, one of whom suffered severe genital damage during circumcision as an infant. The parents consulted Dr. John Money, who believed gender was solely determined by upbringing. He recommended surgically reassigning the injured boy to be raised as a girl under the name Brenda.

However, Dr. Money was dishonest, as he portrayed the gender reassignment as a success when, in reality, Brenda struggled with the female identity imposed on her. She faced bullying for behaving in a masculine manner. At age 13, Brenda learned the truth and transitioned back to living as a male named David.

While Dr. Money’s motives were unethical, the case provided evidence contradicting the idea that gender identity is purely a social construct. It demonstrated the influence of innate biological factors despite attempts at environment shaping from birth. Although flawed, this real-world case study yielded valuable insights challenging the predominant theory of the time.

Giving New Insight

Case studies offer unique windows into human experiences. For instance, studying a man who regained sight after decades of blindness provided new insights into visual perception. Similarly, the Milgram experiment, where people delivered fake electric shocks under pressure, revealed the surprising power of social influence.

Moreover, it showed that even ordinary individuals could be swayed to act against their morals when a figure of authority encouraged them. This highlights the importance of understanding social pressure and its potential to override ethical boundaries.

Disadvantages of a Case Study

While case studies can be valuable research tools, they also have disadvantages. Here are some of the notable drawbacks associated with using case studies, including :

• Research bias
• No classification
• Time intensive

Research Bias

Case studies are susceptible to researcher bias, manifesting in various forms. The author may develop a predisposition towards the subject under investigation, leading to biases in data collection methods or interpretation of findings. Such biases stem from the inherent subjectivity of human nature. Notably, Sigmund Freud, the pioneering figure in psychology, was known for exhibiting biases in his case histories and interpretations.

Researchers can also lose their objectivity when they become overly familiar or identify too closely with study participants, compromising their outsider perspective. Maintaining impartiality and recognizing potential sources of bias is crucial in conducting rigorous case study research.

No Classification

Studies based on small groups can’t necessarily be applied to larger populations. This is because the findings might only reflect the specific group studied and not be generally true. However, this limitation isn’t always crucial. A small sample size can still be valuable if the research aims to understand a particular group in detail rather than drawing broad conclusions.

Time Intensive

Conducting case studies is a slow and demanding process. Gathering in-depth information takes a long time, especially for researchers unfamiliar with this method. Developing a thorough case study involves data collection and detailed analysis, further extending the timeframe.

Moreover, case studies often necessitate the researcher becoming deeply involved with the subject. For instance, researchers studying the child known as “Genie” spent an exceptional amount of time with her due to the rarity of her situation. One researcher even had Genie live with his family for years. Such close involvement can raise concerns about the objectivity of the data collected.

In conclusion, case studies offer a powerful tool to delve into intricate real-world scenarios, fostering a rich understanding of specific situations. They can unearth new knowledge, challenge established theories, and provide valuable insights applicable to various fields.

However, case studies are not without limitations. Their susceptibility to bias, difficulty in generalization, and time-intensive nature necessitate a balanced perspective when interpreting their findings. However, if you are looking for the highest quality nursing case studies, you can place your order here

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Case Study: Strengths and Weaknesses

by Glenn Stevens

Case study research is a versatile and valuable methodology that allows researchers to delve deep into complex phenomena. By investigating a single or small number of cases in detail, researchers can gain insights that may not be achievable through other research methods. However, like any methodology, case studies have strengths and weaknesses. In this post, we consider the advantages and limitations of case study research.

Case Study Strengths

• In-depth Exploration Case studies allow researchers to investigate a topic deeply, capturing subtleties that might be missed in broader research methods. By focusing on a single instance or a small group, researchers can gather nuanced information and examine the intricacies of real-life scenarios. This is especially useful for studying phenomena that require context-specific understanding, such as organizational behaviour or individual psychological conditions.
• Rich Data and Contextual Detail The qualitative nature of case studies provides rich data, combining observations, interviews, documents, and even quantitative measures when necessary. This depth of information offers valuable insights that capture the context of the case, allowing readers to understand not only what happened but why and how it happened within the given environment. Such comprehensive data can provide a well-rounded view that informs theory development and practical application.
• Flexibility in Methodology Case studies are flexible and adaptable, enabling researchers to explore emerging themes or pivot their approach as they uncover new insights. This adaptability allows the researcher to refine questions, follow up on interesting details, and capture data as it naturally unfolds. Flexibility is particularly advantageous when studying dynamic environments or complex social systems where controlled experimentation may be impractical.
• Theory Development and Testing Case studies are excellent tools for generating new theories and concepts. They often allow for inductive research, where theories can emerge from observations and data rather than being tested against pre-existing hypotheses. Moreover, they can be used to test theories in specific settings, providing evidence on how theories hold up in particular contexts and whether modifications are needed.

Case Study Weaknesses

• Limited Generalizability A major criticism of case studies is that findings are often hard to generalize to larger populations. Since case studies focus on a single case or a small group, their conclusions may not apply broadly. While case studies provide rich data about the specific case, they may lack external validity, meaning the findings might not be relevant to other situations or populations. This limitation makes case studies less suitable for researchers aiming to establish universal principles.
• Potential for Researcher Bias The subjective nature of case study research increases the risk of researcher bias, where personal viewpoints or preconceived notions may influence data collection and interpretation. Since the researcher is often closely involved with the case, there is a tendency to see what they expect to find, consciously or unconsciously. To mitigate this, researchers need to employ rigorous reflexivity and triangulation by using multiple data sources or perspectives.
• Time and Resource Intensive Case studies can be labour-intensive, requiring extensive time for data collection, observation, and analysis. Collecting data from interviews, documents, and observations requires significant resources, and analyzing this data thoroughly takes time. This often limits case study research to those with sufficient time, funding, and access, making it challenging for studies that need quick or broad-based results.
• Difficulty in Replication Case studies often focus on unique situations or rare occurrences, making them difficult to replicate. Unlike experiments, which are controlled and structured, case studies are specific to their context, time, and participants. This lack of replicability limits the scientific rigour of case studies and can make it hard for other researchers to verify or build on the findings. However, some researchers argue that case studies can be “replicated” conceptually through the study of similar cases or by using multiple case studies.

Balancing the Pros and Cons

For researchers, choosing whether to use a case study depends on the goals of their study. If the aim is to gain a detailed, context-specific understanding of a complex issue, a case study is often the best choice. However, researchers must remain aware of the limitations in terms of generalizability and potential bias. Strategies such as triangulation, maintaining reflexivity, and transparently reporting data collection and analysis methods can help enhance the reliability and credibility of case study findings.

Examples of when case study methods are appropriate

Case study research is an ideal methodology in various situations, particularly when the focus is on gaining an in-depth understanding of complex phenomena within their real-world context. Here are some examples of when this approach is most appropriate:

• Exploring New or Underexplored Topics When a research topic is relatively new or has limited prior investigation, a case study can provide rich, qualitative insights. For example, understanding the adoption of a groundbreaking technology within a specific industry might benefit from detailed exploration of one or a few organizations.
• Examining Complex Processes Case studies are particularly useful for dissecting intricate processes where multiple variables interact. For instance, studying how an urban city implements a zero-waste initiative might require understanding policy-making, community behaviour, and supply chain logistics, all of which can be captured effectively in a case study.
• Studying Unique or Rare Phenomena In situations where the subject of study is rare or atypical, such as a company that has achieved rapid growth in a declining industry, case studies offer a way to document and analyze the factors contributing to such outcomes. One example would be the study of successful brands in marketing case studies.
• Providing Contextual Detail When understanding a phenomenon requires examining it within its specific context, such as a school implementing a novel educational method, a case study allows researchers to consider environmental, cultural, and situational factors that might influence results.
• Testing or Refining Theories Case studies can help test existing theories in real-world settings or refine theoretical frameworks by examining how they apply to specific situations. For example, they can provide insights into how leadership theories manifest in startups versus large corporations.
• Understanding Stakeholder Perspectives In areas like healthcare or social services, a case study might delve into how a new program impacts different stakeholder groups, such as patients, providers, and administrators, offering a holistic view that surveys or experiments might miss.

By focusing on real-world examples and providing rich, contextualized data, case studies enable researchers to generate meaningful insights that are difficult to capture with other methods. They are particularly effective when the goal is to explore the “how” and “why” of a phenomenon rather than merely its outcomes or correlations.

Case studies are a valuable research method, offering rich, in-depth insights into specific issues, especially in areas where context is crucial. They are particularly strong for exploring new areas of inquiry, developing theories, and providing real-world illustrations of complex concepts. However, researchers should be mindful of their limitations, particularly in terms of generalizability, potential biases, and the resource commitment required. When applied thoughtfully, case studies can yield highly impactful results that deepen our understanding of nuanced issues and lay the groundwork for further research.

Glenn Stevens

Glenn is an academic writing and research specialist with 15 years experience writing, editing, PhD and Masters supervision and journal editing. He is also a qualified English teacher. His prior career was in magazine publishing. He is now editor of this blog. Contact Glenn

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Strengths and Weaknesses of Case Studies

There is no doubt that case studies are a valuable and important form of research for all of the industries and fields that use them. However, along with all their advantages, they also have some disadvantages. In this article we are going to look at both.

Advantages of Case Studies

Intensive Study

Case study method is responsible for intensive study of a unit. It is the investigation and exploration of an event thoroughly and deeply. You get a very detailed and in-depth study of a person or event. This is especially the case with subjects that cannot be physically or ethically recreated.

This is one of the biggest advantages of the Genie case. You cannot lock up a child for 13 years and deprive them of everything. That would be morally and ethically wrong in every single way. So when the opportunity presented itself, researchers could not look away. It was a once in a lifetime opportunity to learn about feral children.

Genie was a feral child. She was raised in completed isolation, with little human contact. Because of the abuse she withstood, she was unable to develop cognitively. From infancy she was strapped to a potty chair, and therefore never acquired the physicality needed for walking, running and jumping.

If Genie made a noise, her father beat her. Therefore, she learned to not make a noise. Once she was found, researchers studied her language skills, and attempted to find ways to get her to communicate. They were successful. While she never gained the ability to speak, she did develop other ways to communicate. However, the public soon lost interest in her case, and with that, the funds to conduct the study.

However, her case was extremely important to child development psychology and linguistic theory. Because of her, we know that mental stimulation is needed for proper development. We also now know that there is a "critical period" for the learning of language.

Developing New Research

Case studies are one of the best ways to stimulate new research. A case study can be completed, and if the findings are valuable, they can lead to new and advanced research in the field. There has been a great deal of research done that wouldn't have been possible without case studies.

An example of this is the sociological study Nickel and Dimed. Nickel and Dimed is a book and study done by Barbara Ehrenreich. She wanted to study poverty in America, and did so by living and working as a person living on minimum wage.

Through her experiment, she discovered that poverty was almost inescapable. As soon as she saved a little money, she was hit with a crisis. She might get sick, or her car might break down, all occurrences that can be destructive when a person doesn't have a safety net to fall back on.

It didn't matter where she lived or what she did. Working a minimum wage job gave her no chances for advancement or improvement whatsoever. And she did the experiment as a woman with no children to support.

This study opened a lot of eyes to the problem of the working poor in America. By living and working as the experiment, Ehrenreich was able to show first-hand data regarding the issues surrounding poverty. The book didn't end with any solutions, just suggestions for the reader and points for them to think about.

Using this case study information, new studies could be organized to learn better ways to help people who are fighting poverty, or better ways to help the working poor.

Contradicting Established Ideas or Theories

Oftentimes there are theories that may be questioned with case studies. For example, in the John/John case study, it was believed that gender and sexual identity were a construct of nurture, not nature.

John-John focused on a set of twin boys, both of whom were circumcised at the age of 6 months. One of the twin's circumcisions failed, causing irreparable damage to the penis. His parents were concerned about the sexual health of their son, so they contacted Dr. John Money for a solution.

Dr. Money believed that sexuality came from nurture, not nature, and that the injured baby, Bruce, could be raised as a girl. His penis was removed and he was sexually reassigned to become a girl. Bruce's name was changed to Brenda, and his parents decided to raise him as a girl.

In this case, Dr. Money was dishonest. He believed that gender could be changed, which has since been proven false. Brenda's parents were also dishonest, stating that the surgery was a success, when in fact that wasn't the case.

As Brenda grew up, she always acted masculine and was teased for it at school. She did not socialize as a girl, and did not identify as a female. When Brenda was 13 she learned the truth, and was incredibly relieved. She changed her name to David, and lived the rest of her life as a male.

This case proved that the general theory was wrong, and is still valuable, even though the study author was dishonest.

Giving New Insight

Case studies have the ability to give insight into phenomena that cannot be learned in any other way. An example of this is the case study about Sidney Bradford. Bradford was blind from the age of 10 months old, and regained his sight at the age of 52 from a corneal transplant.

This unique situation allowed researchers to better learn how perception and motion changes when suddenly given sight. They were able to better understand how colors and dimensions affect the human process. For what it is worth, Bradford continued to live and work with his eyes closed, as he found sight too stimulating.

Another famous study was the sociological study of Milgram.

Stanley Milgram did a study from 1960 to 1974 in which he studied the effects of social pressure. The study was set up as an independent laboratory. A random person would walk in, and agree to be a part of the study. He was told to act as a teacher, and ask questions to another volunteer, who was the learner.

The teacher would ask the learner questions, and whenever he answered incorrectly, the teacher was instructed to give the learner an electric shock. Each time the learner was wrong, the shock would be increased by 15 volts. What the teacher didn't know was that the learner was a part of the experiment, and that no shocks were being given. However, the learner did act as if they were being shocked.

If the teachers tried to quit, they were strongly pushed to continue. The goal of the experiment was to see whether or not any of the teachers would go up to the highest voltage. As it turned out, 65% of the teachers did.

This study opened eyes when it comes to social pressure. If someone tells you it is okay to hurt someone, at what point will the person back off and say "this is not ok!" And in this study, the results were the same, regardless of income, race, gender or ethnicity.

This study opened up the sociological world of understanding the divide between social pressure and morality.

Disadvantages of Case Studies

Inability to Replicate

As demonstrated with the Genie case study, many studies cannot be replicated, and therefore, cannot be corroborated. Because the studies cannot be replicated, it means the data and results are only valid for that one person. Now, one could infer that that results of the Genie study would be the same with other feral children, without additional studies we can never be 100% certain.

Also, Genie was a white, American female. We do not know whether someone with a different gender, race or ethnicity would have a different result.

Key Term! Hawthorne Effect

The effect in which people change their behavior when they are aware they are being observed.

Researcher Bias

When conducting a case study, it is very possible for the author to form a bias. This bias can be for the subject; the form of data collection, or the way the data is interpreted. This is very common, since it is normal for humans to be subjective. It is well known that Sigmund Freud, the father of psychology, was often biased in his case histories and interpretations.

The researcher can become close to a study participant, or may learn to identify with the subject. When this happens the researcher loses their perspective as an outsider.

No Classification

Any classification is not possible due to studying a small unit. This generalization of results is limited, since the study is only focusing on one small group. However, this isn't always a problem, especially if generalization is not one of the study's goals.

Time Intensive

Case studies can be very time consuming. The data collection process can be very intensive and long, and this is something new researchers are not familiar with. It takes a long period of time to develop a case study, and develop a detailed analysis.

Many studies also require the authors to immerse themselves in the case. For example, in the Genie case, the lead researchers spent an abnormal amount of time with Genie, since so few people knew how to handle her. David Rigler, one of the lead researchers, actually had Genie live with him and his family for years. Because of this attachment, many questioned the veracity of the study data.

Possibility of Errors

Case study method may have errors of memory or judgment. Since reconstructing case history is based on memory, this can lead to errors. Also, how one person perceived the past could be different for another person, and this can and does lead to errors.

When considering various aspects of their lives, people tend to focus on issues that they find most important. This allows them to form a prejudice and can make them unaware of other possible options.

Ethical Issues

With small studies, there is always the question of ethics. At what point does a study become unethical? The Genie case was riddled with accusations of being unethical, and people still debate about it today.

Was it ethical to study Genie as deeply as she was studied?

Did Genie deserve to live out her life unbothered by researchers and academics trying to use her case to potentially further their careers?

At what point does the pursuit of scientific knowledge outweigh the right to a life free from research?

Also, because the researchers became so invested in the study, people questioned whether a researcher would report unethical behavior if they witnessed it.

Advantages and Disadvantages in Real-Life Studies

Two of these case studies are the Tylenol Scandal and the Genie language study.

Let's look at the advantages and disadvantages of these two studies.

Genie – Advantages

Uniqueness of study – Being able to study a feral child is a rare occurrence.

Genie – Disadvantages

Ethics - The lead researcher David Rigler provided a home for Genie, and was paid for being a foster parent. This is often seen as unethical, since Rigler had a financial interest in Genie and her case.

Tylenol – Advantages

Uniqueness of study – What happened to Tylenol was very unique and rare. While companies face crisis all the time, a public health crisis of this magnitude is very unique.

Tylenol – Disadvantages

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