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- > Papers in Experimental Economics
- > Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Acknowledgments
- Part I The Formative Years
- Introduction
- 1 An Experimental Study of Competitive Market Behavior
- 2 Effect of Market Organization on Competitive Equilibrium
- 3 Nature, the Experimental Laboratory, and the Credibility of Hypotheses
- 4 Experimental Auction Markets and the Walrasian Hypothesis
- 5 Experimental Studies of Discrimination versus Competition in Sealed-Bid Auction Markets
- 6 Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory
- 7 Bidding and Auctioning Institutions: Experimental Results
- 8 Intertemporal Competitive Equilibrium: An Empirical Study of Speculation
- 9 Experimental Economics at Purdue
- Part II Institutions and Market Performance
- Part III Public Goods
- Part IV Auctions and Institutional Design
- PART V Industrial Organization
- Part VI Perspectives on Economics
6 - Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 July 2010
It is the premise of this paper that the study of the decision behavior of suitably motivated individuals and groups in laboratory or other socially isolated settings such as hospitals (R. Battalio, J. Kagel, et al., 1973) has important and significant application to the development and verification of theories of the economic system at large. There are two reasons for this.
The results of laboratory studies can serve as a rigorous empirical pretest of economic theory prior to the use of field data tests. The state of economic hypothesis testing, as it is sometimes done, can be described roughly as follows: based on casual observation of an economic process and the self-interest postulate, one develops a model, which is then tested with the only body of field data that exists. The results of the test turn out to be ambiguous or call for improvements, and one is tempted to now modify the model in ways suggested by the data “to improve the fit.” Any test of significance now becomes hopelessly confused if one attempts to apply it to the same data. Where it is possible and feasible, as in the study of price formation, the data from controlled experiments can be used to test hypotheses stemming from prescientific casual observations of a particular phenomenon.
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- Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory
- Vernon L. Smith , University of Arizona
- Book: Papers in Experimental Economics
- Online publication: 06 July 2010
- Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511528354.008
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Vernon L. Smith
I n 2002, Vernon Smith and daniel kahneman were awarded the Nobel Prize in economics. Smith received his prize “for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms.”
The dominant view among economists as recently as the 1970s was that economists, unlike chemists or biologists, would never be able to perform controlled experiments. Smith’s work on experimental economics, which began in the mid-1950s, challenged that view. Today experimental economics is widespread and has been used to study electricity pricing, to allocate airplane landing slots, and to design auctions of operating licenses for pieces of the electromagnetic spectrum (see experimental economics ).
In his first semester of teaching economics at Purdue, in the fall of 1955, Smith found it a challenge to present basic microeconomic theory to undergraduates. So the next semester, to make the theory more accessible, he ran a market experiment on the first day of class using rules that are laid out in the Experimental Economics entry. Smith, himself a skeptic about how quickly such an artificial market would reach equilibrium, was stunned by the results. More than anything he had learned in graduate school, these results convinced him that free markets work. From 1956 to 1960, he experimented further with various changes in the rules, and in 1962 he published his article on experimental economics.
In a market experiment, the experimenter must somehow control for the subjects’ preferences. Of course, the subjects want to make more money—this preference is well-nigh universal. But how much utility does each person get from an increase in his or her wealth? This will vary from person to person. In 1976, Smith solved this problem with the “induced-value method,” which has become a standard tool of economics.
Smith also used experimental economics to test for differences and similarities between various auction systems. The most familiar auction system is the English system, in which buyers bid sequentially and in increasing order until no higher bid is submitted. Another auction system beloved by economists (see william vickrey ) is the second-price sealed-bid system, in which the buyer pays only the second-highest bid. Smith found that English and sealed-bid second-price auctions produced similar experimental outcomes. Interestingly, though, Dutch auctions (in which a high initial bid by the seller is gradually lowered in fixed steps at fixed times until a buyer yells “buy”) yielded lower prices than sealed-bid second-price auctions, which is contrary to the basic economic theory of auctions.
Experimental economics seems to have led Smith to delve into a more complex reality of human motivation than is outlined in standard economics texts and classes. Always the empiricist, he does not assume that markets work, but is open to seeing them work or fail. In his Nobel lecture, Smith laid out a number of examples of private enforcement of rules that seem to have worked well—in cattle ranching, mining, lobster trapping in Maine, and Eskimo polar bear hunting. Smith pointed out that these examples contradict the myth that a central function of government is to “solve” the free-rider problem in the private provision of public goods . In fact, he noted, the cattle-ranching example showed the reverse: private entities solved the public-good problem, and when governments came along and provided protection paid for by the taxpayers, cattle ranchers were quite happy to have the general taxpayer bear the cost of protecting their cattle. Smith also noted work by Robert Ellickson, who found that cattle ranchers in Shasta County have developed informal rules for handling the problem of stray cattle. 1 ronald coase had argued that with well-defined property rights and low transactions costs, people would handle such problems in an efficient way. Although the Shasta County ranchers’ methods were not ones most economists would have thought of, in Smith’s words, Ellickson “out-Coased Coase.” 2 That is, Ellickson showed that private negotiations and sanctions worked to handle knotty problems without government intervention.
Smith earned his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Cal Tech in 1949, his M.A. in economics at the University of Kansas in 1952, and his Ph.D. in economics from Harvard in 1955. He was a professor at Purdue University from 1955 to 1967, at Brown University from 1967 to 1968, at the University of Massachusetts from 1968 to 1975, and at the University of Arizona from 1975 to 2001. From 2001 to 2008 he was a professor of economics and law at George Mason University. In 2008, he founded the Economic Science Institute at Chapman University.
About the Author
David R. Henderson is the editor of The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics . He is also an emeritus professor of economics with the Naval Postgraduate School and a research fellow with the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He earned his Ph.D. in economics at UCLA.
Selected Works
Related entries.
Austrian School of Economics
Behavioral Economics
Related Links
Vernon Smith on Markets and Experimental Economics , an EconTalk podcast, May 21, 2007.
Vernon Smith on Rationality in Economics, an EconTalk podcast, March 3, 2008.
Vernon Smith on Adam Smith and the Human Enterprise , an EconTalk podcast, November 17, 2014.
Vernon Smith and James Otteson on Adam Smith , an EconTalk podcast, April 6, 2015.
Vernon Smith, What Adam Smith Means to Me , a Liberty Matters essay at the Online Library of Liberty, November 2021.
Vernon Smith, Adam Smith’s Emergent Rules of Justice , a Liberty Matters essay at the Online Library of Liberty, June/July 2023.
Don Coursey, Vernon Smith, Economic Experiments, and the Visible Hand , at Econlib, October 28, 2002
Maria Pia Paganelli, Humanomics: Moral Sentiments and Wealth of Nations for the Twenty-First Century , at Econlib, September 2, 2019.
Vernon Smith, Adam Smith: Scientist and Evolutionist , at AdamSmithWorks, March 20, 2019.
Vernon Smith, Vernon Smith and Adam Smith , at AdamSmithWorks, June 8, 2023.
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The energy behind Vernon Smith's experimental economics
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Kyu Sang Lee, Philip Mirowski, The energy behind Vernon Smith's experimental economics, Cambridge Journal of Economics , Volume 32, Issue 2, March 2008, Pages 257–271, https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bem036
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This paper begins with the interplay of the induced value theory and the Hayek hypothesis, and subsequently suggests that we need to understand Vernon Smith's experimental method as not simply empirical, but encompassing a commitment to a special version of neoclassical demand theory. To this end, we compare his commitment to Harold Hotelling's important work on demand, an exemplar of what we dub the Mirowski–Hands thesis. By providing an overview of Smith's research up until the mid-1970s, we place this progenitor of experimental economics in a new light, revealing his special epistemic commitments.
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- Corpus ID: 260453907
Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory
- Published 2007
Tables from this paper
14 References
Effect of market organization on competitive equilibrium, organizational or frictional equilibria, x-efficiency, and the rate of innovation, an experimental study of competitive market behavior, an experimental examination of two exchange institutions, the psychological difference between ambiguity and risk, the problem of social cost, a test of consumer demand theory using observations of individual consumer purchases, notes on some literature in experimental economics, decision making and learning under varying conditions of reinforcement *, experimental auction markets and the walrasian hypothesis, related papers.
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The Theory of Induced Valuation. Control is the essence of experimental methodology, and in experimental ex- change studies it is important that one be able to state that, as between two experi- ments, individual values (e.g., demand or supply) either do or do not differ in a spe- cified way.
Papers in Experimental Economics - November 1991. It is the premise of this paper that the study of the decision behavior of suitably motivated individuals and groups in laboratory or other socially isolated settings such as hospitals (R. Battalio, J. Kagel, et al., 1973) has important and significant application to the development and verification of theories of the economic system at large.
Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory. It is the premise of this paper that the study of the decision behavior of suitably motivated individuals and groups in lab- oratory or other socially isolated settings such as hospitals (R. Battalio, J. Kagel, et al., 1973) has important and significant application to the development and ...
Subjects' homegrown preferences must be "neutralized" and the experimenter "induces" new preferences. Subjects actions should be driven by the induced preferences. Reward Medium: Money m = (m + ∆m) where m 0 0 represents a subject's "outside"money, ∆m denotes money earnings in the experiment.
Experimental economics: Induced value theory. Creators Smith, Vernon L. Abstract. It is the premise of this paper that the study of the decision behavior of suitably motivated individuals and groups in lab- oratory or other socially isolated settings such as hospitals (R. Battalio, J. Kagel, et al., 1973) has important and significant ...
In 1976, Smith solved this problem with the "induced-value method," which has become a standard tool of economics. ... "Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory." American Economic Review 66: 274-279. 1991. Papers in Experimental Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory. February 1976; ... Join ResearchGate to discover and stay up-to-date with the latest research from leading experts in Experimental Economics and many ...
The body of the paper is structured as follows. We first characterise Smith's economic idea and practice by linking together his trademark empirical claim (the so-called 'Hayek hypothesis'; HH) with his premier methodological innovation (induced value theory; IVT), and subsequently by showing how they come together in his later position toward neoclassical demand theory.
commodities for members of each of the two trading groups, the experimental stage is set for exchange.
Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory. Vernon Smith () American Economic Review, 1976, vol. 66, issue 2, 274-79 Date: 1976 References: Add references at CitEc Citations: View citations in EconPapers (398) Downloads: (external link)
Published as Smith, Vernon L. "Experimental economics: Induced value theory." The American Economic Review 66.2 (1976): 274-279. Attached Files . Submitted - sswp73.pdf. Files. sswp73.pdf. Files (507.8 kB) Name Size ... Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory Eprint ID 82809 Resolver ID CaltechAUTHORS:20171031-134850120
2.1 Objective of Economic Experiment. The heart of induced value theory, introduced by Smith (1976, 1982), that is funda-mental of experimental economics methodology, is to achieve experimental control over subject's preference by means of reward medium, typically monetary payment.
providing the subjects with the "right" monetary incentives. This so-called induced-value method was developed further by Smith (1976a) 3, and has now become a standard tool in experimental economics. In order to illustrate this method, consider a subject assigned the role of buyer in a market for a homogeneous good (where all units are ...
Corrections. All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:66:y:1976:i:2:p:274-79.See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.. If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage ...
In essence, Induced Value Theory postulates that the incentives provided in this manner can be treated as the only argument in experimental participants' utility functions. Due to the heavy reliance on these methods to ensure experimental control, it is critical to understand the strengths and pitfalls of various incentive mechanisms with ...
This paper begins with the interplay of the induced value theory and the Hayek hypothesis, and subsequently suggests that we need to understand Vernon Smith's experimental method as not simply empirical, but encompassing a commitment to a special version of neoclassical demand theory. ... The Energy Behind Vernon Smith's Experimental Economics ...
Title: Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory. Created Date: 5/31/2001 2:12:46 PM
Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory Created Date: 20171031205751Z ...
(DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511528354.008) It is the premise of this paper that the study of the decision behavior of suitably motivated individuals and groups in lab- oratory or other socially isolated settings such as hospitals (R. Battalio, J. Kagel, et al., 1973) has important and significant application to the development and verification of theories of the economic system at large.
Empirical research in economics suggests that, indeed, some cooperative game theory solutions for dividing value fit the data better in certain situations than others (Hubert & Ikonnikova, 2011). Yet, virtually no empirical work in strategy has studied which value capture process applies to which competitive situation.