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106 Ultrasound Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Ultrasound technology has revolutionized the field of medicine, allowing healthcare professionals to visualize internal structures and organs without invasive procedures. As a result, ultrasound has become an essential tool for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions. If you are a student studying ultrasound technology or a healthcare professional looking to expand your knowledge, here are 106 ultrasound essay topic ideas and examples to help you explore this fascinating field further.

• The history and development of ultrasound technology
• The physics behind ultrasound imaging
• The role of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology
• Ultrasound-guided procedures in interventional radiology
• The use of ultrasound in diagnosing musculoskeletal injuries
• Ultrasound imaging of the heart (echocardiography)
• The benefits and limitations of 3D/4D ultrasound imaging
• Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for liver imaging
• Ultrasound elastography for assessing tissue stiffness
• The role of ultrasound in diagnosing breast cancer
• Ultrasound imaging in emergency medicine
• Point-of-care ultrasound in critical care settings
• The use of ultrasound in vascular imaging
• Ultrasound-guided nerve blocks for pain management
• The future of ultrasound technology in healthcare
• Ultrasound imaging of the thyroid gland
• The use of ultrasound in diagnosing gallbladder disease
• Ultrasound-guided biopsy procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the kidneys
• The role of ultrasound in diagnosing appendicitis
• Ultrasound imaging of the pancreas
• The use of ultrasound in diagnosing gastrointestinal disorders
• Ultrasound-guided injections for joint pain
• Ultrasound imaging of the urinary tract
• The benefits of portable ultrasound technology
• Ultrasound imaging of the prostate gland
• The use of ultrasound in diagnosing testicular conditions
• Ultrasound-guided drainage procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the spleen
• The role of ultrasound in diagnosing hernias
• Ultrasound-guided nerve ablation for pain management
• Ultrasound imaging of the placenta
• The use of ultrasound in diagnosing fetal anomalies
• Ultrasound-guided thyroid biopsy procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands
• The benefits of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for liver imaging
• Ultrasound-guided joint injections for arthritis
• Ultrasound imaging of the parathyroid glands
• The role of ultrasound in diagnosing lymph node abnormalities
• Ultrasound-guided breast biopsy procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the thymus gland
• The use of ultrasound in diagnosing mediastinal masses
• Ultrasound-guided pleural procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the pericardium
• The benefits of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for vascular imaging
• Ultrasound-guided nerve blocks for chronic pain management
• Ultrasound imaging of the carotid arteries
• The role of ultrasound in diagnosing peripheral vascular disease
• Ultrasound-guided varicose vein procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the aorta
• The use of ultrasound in diagnosing deep vein thrombosis
• Ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy for spider veins
• Ultrasound imaging of the liver and biliary system
• The benefits of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for renal imaging
• Ultrasound-guided renal biopsy procedures
• The role of ultrasound in diagnosing adrenal tumors
• Ultrasound-guided adrenal vein sampling procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the pancreas and spleen
• The use of ultrasound in diagnosing pancreatic cancer
• Ultrasound-guided pancreatic biopsy procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the gallbladder and biliary system
• The benefits of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for pancreatic imaging
• Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cholecystostomy procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the gastrointestinal tract
• The role of ultrasound in diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease
• Ultrasound-guided intestinal biopsy procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the kidneys and urinary tract
• The use of ultrasound in diagnosing kidney stones
• Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the female reproductive system
• The benefits of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for gynecologic imaging
• Ultrasound-guided ovarian cyst aspiration procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the male reproductive system
• The role of ultrasound in diagnosing testicular cancer
• Ultrasound-guided testicular biopsy procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the musculoskeletal system
• The use of ultrasound in diagnosing sports injuries
• Ultrasound-guided joint aspiration procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the nervous system
• The benefits of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for neuroimaging
• Ultrasound-guided nerve conduction studies
• Ultrasound imaging of the head and neck
• The role of ultrasound in diagnosing thyroid nodules
• Ultrasound-guided thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the chest and lungs
• The use of ultrasound in diagnosing pleural effusions
• Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the heart and blood vessels
• The benefits of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for cardiac imaging
• Ultrasound-guided cardiac catheterization procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the liver and spleen
• The role of ultrasound in diagnosing liver cirrhosis
• Ultrasound-guided liver biopsy procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the pancreas and biliary system
• The use of ultrasound in diagnosing pancreatic pseudocysts
• Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys
• The benefits of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for urologic and gastrointestinal imaging
• Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrostomy procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the female reproductive system and bladder
• The role of ultrasound in diagnosing pelvic organ prolapse
• Ultrasound-guided bladder sling procedures
• Ultrasound imaging of the male reproductive system and prostate
• The use of ultrasound in diagnosing benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy procedures

These essay topic ideas and examples cover a wide range of ultrasound applications and specialties, providing you with ample opportunities to explore and research this exciting field further. Whether you are a student or a healthcare professional, delving into these topics can deepen your understanding of ultrasound technology and its role in modern medicine.

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Applications of Advanced Ultrasound Technology in Obstetrics

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Over the years, there have been several improvements in ultrasound technologies including high-resolution ultrasonography, linear transducer, radiant flow, three-/four-dimensional (3D/4D) ultrasound, speckle tracking of the fetal heart, and artificial intelligence. The aims of this review are to evaluate the use of these advanced technologies in obstetrics in the midst of new guidelines on and new techniques of obstetric ultrasonography. In particular, whether these technologies can improve the diagnostic capability, functional analysis, workflow, and ergonomics of obstetric ultrasound examinations will be discussed.

1. Introduction

Ultrasound is widely used in obstetric practice to detect fetal abnormalities with a view to provide prenatal opportunities for further investigations including genetic testing and discussion of management options. In 2010, International Societies of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) published the practice guidelines on the minimal and optional requirements for a routine mid-trimester ultrasound scan [ 1 ]. Recently, The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) suggests a detailed diagnostic second/third trimester scan for high-risk pregnancies [ 2 ], and fetal echocardiography for at-risk pregnancies [ 3 ]. ISUOG has published recent guidelines on indications and practice of targeted neurosonography [ 4 , 5 ]. Although the introduction of prenatal cell-free DNA-based screening for Down syndrome has changed the role of the first trimester scan, the latter should still be offered to women [ 6 ]. Around 50% of major structural abnormalities can be detected in the first trimester [ 7 ]. In addition, a recent study showed that a routine scan at around 36 weeks’ gestation can detect around 0.5% of previously undetected fetal abnormalities, as well as fetal growth restriction (FGR) [ 8 ].

The detection rate of fetal abnormalities varies, depending on anatomy survey protocol, ultrasound equipment and setting, among other factors [ 9 ]. A high-resolution ultrasound can facilitate a detailed diagnostic scan and a first-trimester scan and allow the detection of a small or subtle abnormality [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Although a detailed diagnostic scan is not required for all pregnant women, the indications include family history of congenital malformation, maternal age 35 or above, gestational diabetes mellitus, artificial reproduction technology, body mass index >= 30, teratogen, fetal nuchal translucency >= 3mm, and many other conditions [ 2 ]. In the midst of such increasing standards of obstetric ultrasound examination, there is a demand on improving the diagnostic capability, functional analysis, workflow, and ergonomics. Over the years, there have been several improvements in ultrasound technologies including high-resolution ultrasonography, linear transducer, radiant flow, three/four-dimensional (3D/4D) ultrasound, speckle tracking of the fetal heart, and artificial intelligence. The aim of this review is to evaluate the use of these advanced technologies in obstetrics.

2. High-Resolution Ultrasonography

High-resolution ultrasonography includes the use of a high-frequency transducer, and the means of enhancing image and signal processing including harmonic imaging (HI), spatial compound imaging (SCI), and speckle reduction imaging (SRI). Compared to a transducer with the low-frequency range (2 to 5 MHz), a transducer with the high-frequency range (5 to 9 MHz) can allow for improved resolution though with limited tissue penetration. HI, utilizing the physics of non-linear propagation of ultrasound through the body tissues, can produce high-resolution images with few artifacts. SCI, combining multiple lines of sight to form a single composite image at real-time frame rates, can reduce angle-dependent artifacts. The use of SRI can reduce speckles or disturbances that result from the echo, which is projected from an ultrasound transducer.

2.1. Fetal Echocardiography and Targeted Neurosonography

ISUOG recommends the use of the highest possible transducer frequency to perform fetal echocardiography with a view to improve the likelihood of detecting subtle heart defects, albeit at the expense of reduced acoustic penetration [ 10 ] ( Figure 1 a–d and Video S1 ). The use of HI can improve the quality of ultrasound images, especially when the maternal abdominal wall is thick during the third trimester of pregnancy [ 11 , 13 ].

High-resolution ultrasonography of the fetal heart at 20 weeks’ gestation showing ( a ) a four-chamber view showing right atrium (RA), left atrium (LA), right ventricle (RV), and left ventricle (LV), ( b ) five-chamber view showing ascending aorta (AAo) arising from the left ventricle, the right and left superior pulmonary veins (RSPV, LSPV) enter the left atrium (LA), and descending aorta (DAo) behind the LA ( c ) Three-vessel view showing the PA dividing into the left (LPA) and right (RPA) PA, AAo, and the superior vena cava (SVC), ( d ) three-vessel and trachea view showing PA with the ductal branch (DA) joining the DAo, AAo, SVC, and trachea (T); Thymus is anterior to the three vessels.

For a targeted neurosonographic examination, ISUOG recommends the use of high- resolution transvaginal transducers whenever possible [ 5 ]. An alternative is to use high-resolution transabdominal transducers with high frequency reaching 8–9 MHz [ 5 ]. The anatomy of the fetal brain is examined in details on a continuum of transverse, sagittal and coronal planes ( Figure 2 a–d, Video S2a,b ).

High-resolution ultrasonography of the fetal brain at 20 weeks’ gestation: transverse views showing ( a ) posterior horn of the lateral ventricle (Vp), ( b ) cavum septi pellucidi (C.S.P.), ( c ) cerebellum (Cereb), Cisterna magna (CM), nuchal fold (NF), and sagittal view showing ( d ) corpus callosum (CC), thalamus (TH), brain stem (BS), and cerebellar vermis (CV).

2.2. Face and Neck

While the prenatal detection of cleft lip is high, the detection rate of subtle abnormalities of face such as low-set or posteriorly rotating ear, triangular face, down-slanting palpebral fissures, or a long and marked philtrum remains low [ 14 , 15 ]. These subtle abnormalities may be features of rare but severe genetic disorders such as 5p deletion syndrome or RASopathy, which require chromosome microarray analysis or targeted sequencing for RASopathy genes. As such, it is important to perform a detailed ultrasound scan to evaluate fetal face in fetuses especially if they have large NT, heart defects, or unusual findings [ 14 , 15 ]. High-resolution ultrasonography allows the clear visualization of facial profile, lens, nostrils, lips, maxilla, and ears ( Figure 3 a–d, Video S3a,b ). Recently, a new sonographic sign, the ‘superimposed line’ sign, is suggested for evaluation of the secondary palate by assessment of the vomeromaxillary junction in the midsagittal view of the palate [ 16 ] ( Figure 3 a).

High-resolution ultrasonography of the fetal face at 20 weeks’ gestation: ( a ) mid-sagittal view showing facial profile, ( b ) coronal view showing both lens (Le), ( c ) coronal view showing the upper lip (UL) and two nostrils (No), and ( d ) sagittal view showing the ear.

Larynx and its movement can be assessed by prenatal ultrasound ( Figure 4 and Video S4 ). In at-risk fetuses such as those with laryngeal atresia [ 17 ] and congenital diaphragmatic hernia, prenatal ultrasound allows systematic examination of the larynx, including vocal cords to detect laryngeal anomalies [ 17 , 18 ].

High-resolution ultrasonography of the fetal neck at 21 weeks’ gestation: sagittal view showing larynx (Lar) and trachea (T).

2.3. Early Pregnancy Scan

Transvaginal ultrasonography is essential in the assessment of pregnancy of unknown location, which can be due to early pregnancy, miscarriage, or ectopic pregnancy. It is important to avoid making a false-positive diagnosis of miscarriage by using transvaginal sonography, careful measurement of mean sac diameter and crown rump length, and using safe cut-off values of these measurements in defining miscarriage [ 19 ]. A recent study showed that amniotic sac sign (the presence of amniotic sac without a live embryo) is a reliable marker of miscarriage [ 20 ]. While the presence of an extrauterine gestational sac with yolk sac and/or embryo with or without cardiac activity is indicative of ectopic pregnancy, the presence of an inhomogeneous adnexal mass (‘blob’ sign) or extrauterine sac-like structure (‘bagel’ sign) is very suggestive of a tubal ectopic pregnancy [ 21 ]. In women with prior Caesarean section, ultrasound features of Caesarean scar pregnancy including low implantation of the gestational sac within or in close proximity to a Caesarean scar as well as classical signs of placenta accreta spectrum disorders should be looked out for [ 22 , 23 ].

2.4. First Trimester Scan

ISUOG and recently, AIUM published the practice guidelines on first-trimester fetal ultrasound scan [ 24 , 25 ]. High-resolution ultrasonography allows the early assessment of fetal anatomy [ 11 ] ( Figure 5 a–d, Video S5a,b ) and fetal malformations [ 12 ]. Fetal heart can be examined in the late first trimester [ 26 ], particularly with the use of color Doppler ( Video S5c,d ). ISUOG recommends using high-frequency (6–12 MHz) transvaginal ultrasound to examine fetal brain, especially if the focus is in the posterior fossa and the maternal abdominal wall is thick [ 5 ].

High-resolution ultrasonography of the fetus at 13 weeks’ gestation: ( a ) mid-sagittal view showing head, neck, and facial profile, ( b ) coronal view showing both eyes and ears, ( c ) the hand with five fingers, and ( d ) foot.

2.5. Doppler Ultrasound

Doppler ultrasound is widely used in obstetrics. ISUOG has made recommendations on how to perform Doppler ultrasonography of the fetoplacental circulation [ 27 ]. It is a challenge to detect late-onset feral growth restriction (FGR). Although third-trimester–cerebroplacental ratio (CPR = middle cerebral artery pulsatile index/umbilical artery pulsatile index) is an independent predictor of stillbirth and perinatal mortality [ 28 ], CPR with or without adjustment for estimated fetal weight centile showed a low prediction rate for adverse perinatal outcome [ 29 ]. According to a meta-analysis, abnormal uterine artery (UtA) Doppler in the third trimester is useful in predicting perinatal death in suspected small-for-gestational age fetuses [ 30 ]. A recent prospective study suggested that cerebral–placental–uterine ratio (CPUR = CPR divided by mean UtA pulsatile index) detected FGR better than CPR or UtA Doppler alone [ 31 ].

2.6. Labour Ward Ultrasound

The use of intrapartum ultrasonography is increasing. It can be performed by using a portable machine equipped with a wide-sector and low-frequency (<4 MHz) transducer and batteries with a long life, and being quick to start up and recharge [ 32 ]. According to ISUOG practice guidelines [ 32 ], intrapartum ultrasound is indicated when there is slow progress or arrest of labor in the first or second stage. Recent studies showed that single ultrasound assessment of the fetal head station on admission in active phase or repeated measurements during active phase can predict the duration of labor and operative delivery in nulliparous women [ 33 , 34 ]. When the second stage of labor is prolonged, ultrasound can be used to assess fetal head position and station before considering or performing instrumental vaginal delivery [ 32 ]. Such assessment has a potential to predict mode of operative delivery and pregnancy outcomes [ 35 ]. Compared to clinical vaginal examinations, ultrasound assessment of the fetal head station and position is objective and reproducible [ 32 , 33 , 34 ], but assessment of cervical dilatation is limited when the dilatation is ≥ 4 cm and the membranes are ruptured [ 36 ].

Allowing detection of changes in tissue elasticity, elastography is a complementary technique to B-mode imaging, and it includes two methods, namely, shear-wave and strain elastography. A recent meta-analysis showed that the performance of cervical elastography was better than cervical length in the prediction of preterm delivery [ 37 ]. For the prediction of outcome of induction of labor, models based on inner cervical shear wave elastography and cervical length were more accurate than models based on the Bishop score [ 38 ].

3. Linear Transducer

With a high-frequency ultrasound, a linear transducer can produce high-resolution images of shallow structures and small parts. Unlike curved transducers, linear transducers produce a rectangular field of view with uniform beam density throughout all tissue levels and without divergence in deeper tissue. The use of a transabdominal linear transducer can enhance the examination of the spinal cord and conus medullaris in the midsagittal view of the spine [ 5 ]. Some abnormalities such as cataract [ 39 ] and laryngeal atresia [ 17 ] can be well demonstrated using a linear transducer.

A linear transducer can be used to examine fetal structures in the first trimester ( Figure 6 a–d). However, a linear transducer is not suitable for using if the structures of interest are deep or the maternal abdominal wall is thick. Although a linear transducer can allow the examination of the fetal cardiac anatomy at 11–13 weeks [ 40 ], it is the use of color flow mapping but not of a linear transducer that improves the examination [ 41 ].

Ultrasonography of a fetus at 13 weeks’ gestation by a transabdominal high-frequency linear transducer: ( a ) transverse view of fetal brain, ( b ) coronal view of face showing both orbits (OB), ( c ) coronal view of abdomen showing both kidneys (Ki) on either side of the spine, and ( d ) the three-vessel trachea transverse view with color Doppler showing pulmonary artery (PA), aorta (Ao), superior vena cava (SVC), and trachea (T).

4. Radiant Flow

Radiant flow shows the blood flow with a sense of depth by using a specific algorithm to convert the index of erythrocyte density in a certain area into a height index which is then superimposed on the initial coding of color, power Doppler, or high-definition flow [ 42 ]. Other advantages include reducing blood overflow and indicating the vessel with sharp edges. Special display produced by similar technologies include MicroFlow Imaging (Philips), MV-Flow, and LumiFlow (Samsung).

Radiant flow is used to show fast blood flow in the fetal heart and brachycephalic arteries [ 42 ] ( Videos S5d and S6a,b ), as well as slow-blood flow in the neurovascular circulation [ 43 ] ( Video S7 ).

The fetal umbilical–portal venous system is complex. High-definition flow imaging (HDFI) has been used to assess the normal anatomy of this system or umbilical–portal–systemic venous shunts. Transverse and sagittal planes are used to examine the fetal umbilical–portal venous system ( Video S8a,b ). In a recent case report, the authors used HDFI and radiant flow imaging to clearly delineate the aberrant course of the ductus venosus returning to the coronary sinus [ 44 ].

5. 3D/4D Ultrasound

Over the years, new 2D modes (such as high-density power imaging), new 3D volume acquisition (such as Corpus callosum mode or matrix probe), and new analysis (such as semiautomated analysis) have been added in 3D/4D ultrasound examinations ( Table 1 ). The use of 3D multiplanar/multislice analysis facilitates the assessment of normal and abnormal structures in standard planes. This can also facilitate the detection of subtle fetal defects [ 45 ]. The use of 3D rendered images can help counseling to the women when fetal malformations are found or reassure the at-risk women when normal fetal anatomy is found [ 45 ]. 3D/4D US is useful for the assessment of fetal brain, spine, face, heart, and other structures [ 45 , 46 ].

Commonly used scanning mode, volume acquisition, and analysis for three-/four-dimensional (3D/4D) ultrasound examinations.

1 Spatiotemporal image correlation.

Examples in the assessment of fetal abnormalities

• Cleft lip and palate: use gray-scale mode, after a 3D volume acquisition, perform multiplanar/multi-slice analysis and rendering techniques to assess the integrity of palate.
• Short-limbed and short-rib dysplasia: use gray-scale mode, after a 3D volume acquisition with skeletal mode, perform rendering techniques with skeletal mode to examine the long bones and ribs.
• Agenesis of ductus venosus: use high-density power imaging, after a 3D volume acquisition, perform multi-slice analysis to assess the precordial venous system.
• Cardiac outflow tract abnormalities: use color flow, after a STIC volume acquisition, perform multiplanar/multi-slice analysis in a cine-loop of cardiac cycle.
• Atrioventricular valve abnormalities: use matrix probe and gray-scale mode, real- time 4D cine-loop analysis to display the coronal view of atrioventricular valve.

5.1. 3D Neurosonography

In targeted neurosonography, a systematic assessment of the fetal brain is required. Although this assessment can be performed by a 2D ultrasound examination, a perfect midsagittal view may not be achieved at all times, thus affecting a proper assessment. ISUOG recommends using 3D ultrasound examination that can provide images of enhanced resolution by displaying thicker ‘slices’ of the brain and thus increasing the signal-to-background noise ratio on all three planes. In addition, multiplanar imaging correlation allows the display of perfectly aligned views on the three orthogonal planes [ 5 ]. To avoid shallowing by adjacent skull bones, it is important to acquire a 3D volume in a mid-sagittal plane through the sagittal suture. If the focus is on the anterior complex, the volume will be obtained from the anterior fontanelle or the anterior part of the sagittal suture [ 5 ] ( Figure 7 a). If the focus is on the posterior fossa and cerebellar vermis, the volume will be obtained from the posterior fontanelle or the posterior part of the sagittal suture with the ultrasound beam being almost perpendicular to the tentorium [ 47 ] ( Figure 7 b). A transvaginal and transabdominal approach is used when the fetal presentation is vertex and breech, respectively. Then, the midlines structures including corpus callosum, brain stem, and cerebellar vermis can be examined by multiplanar and multi-slice analysis [ 43 , 48 , 49 ]. An accurate measurement of corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis can be achieved.

Three-dimensional ultrasonography of fetal brain at 20 weeks’ gestation: ( a ) multiplanar analysis after a volume acquisition with corpus callosum mode through the anterior part of the sagittal suture showing corpus callosum (CC), and ( b ) multiplanar analysis after a volume acquisition through the posterior fontanelle showing corpus callosum (CC), cavum septi pellucidi (C.S.P.), thalamus (TH), brainstem (BS), and cerebellar vermis (CV).

After a 3D volume acquisition of the fetal spine at mid-sagittal plane, a rendered view of the fetal spine can be well displayed with various modes ( Figure 8 a,b). In addition, the coronal planes at the level of the vertebral bodies and/or posterior arches can be reconstructed on multiplanar analysis [ 5 ].

Three-dimensional rendered views of fetal spine at 20 weeks’ gestation after a volume acquisition with skeletal mode: ( a ) usual mode, and ( b ) X-ray mode.

5.2. Spatiotemporal Image Correlation

Spatiotemporal Image Correlation (STIC) allows an automatic acquisition of a single 3D volume through slow sweep and subsequent analysis in a looped cine sequency of images in the multiplanar/multi-slice format and a rendered view. This can produce images in a standardized plane while minimizing the operation dependency of the ultrasound examination. The recent advances in gray scale and color Doppler post processing improves the display of ultrasound images. Using color Doppler with STIC in the glass-body mode can show normal and abnormal anatomy of the fetal heart and major vessels [ 46 ] ( Figure 9 , Video S9 ). The matrix probe allows the rapid acquisition of an STIC volume, thus reducing the motion artifact and facilitating live 4D display [ 46 ]. In addition, the use of the matrix probe allows the simultaneous examination of two orthogonal planes of the fetal heart in the ‘biplane mode’. Additional use of image recognition software can help review cardiac structures in the standard planes [ 46 ]. The 3D rendered images are useful for counseling to parents. In addition, STIC volume can facilitate interdisciplinary consultation and teleconsultation [ 42 ].

Color Doppler with spatiotemporal image correlation in the glass-body mode showing multiplanar view and a rendered image of a normal fetal heart at 20 weeks’ gestation.

5.3. 3D Ultrasound Examination of Face, Limbs, and Other Structures

While 2D ultrasound is a key tool for the detection of fetal anomalies, there are some anomalies such as facial clefts, micrognathia, and club foot in which 3D ultrasound may provide additional information or help counseling when such anomaly is suspected [ 9 ]. Compared to 2D ultrasound alone, combined approach of 2D and 3D ultrasound with multiplanar/multi-slice analysis can improve the detection or exclusion of cleft palate in fetuses with cleft lip [ 50 ] ( Figure 10 ). Although 3D ultrasound is less sensitive for the detection of isolated cleft palate, a recent study showed that an accurate evaluation of palate requires 3D ultrasound examination with volume acquisition in a strictly axial transverse view of the palate [ 16 ]. The use of 3D ultrasound multiplanar analysis and 3D rendering view can facilitate the display of mid-sagittal plane of the fetal face and thus improve the accuracy of measurements of the mandible and the detection of micrognathia [ 51 ].

Three-dimensional ultrasound assessment of the fetal face at 13 weeks’ gestation showing multiplanar views of lip and palate (reference dot).

Three-dimensional (3D) rendering technology with skeletal mode can display skull, vertebrae, ribs, long bones and fingers [ 52 ] ( Figure 11 a,b and Video S10a,b ). Prenatal assessment of the ribs and vertebral pattern can be performed by 3D ultrasound with skeletal mode ( Figure 8 a,b), albeit it is not a routine practice. A review of 39 studies including 75,018 healthy subjects and 6130 subjects with structural or chromosomal anomalies or adverse outcome showed an association between cervical ribs and other structural anomalies including esophageal atresia and anorectal malformation [ 53 ]. Abnormalities such as craniosynostosis [ 26 , 54 ], and extra ribs can be shown.

Three-dimensional rendered images of the fetal skeleton at 20–22 weeks’ gestation showing: ( a ) X-ray mode of the skull bone with frontal suture (SS) and anterior fontanelle (AF), and ( b ) HD skeletal mode of the skull, bones of the upper and lower limbs.

It is difficult to visualize esophagus on 2D ultrasound examination. The use of 3D ultrasound with multiplanar analysis and Crystal Vue rendering may make the visualization possible [ 55 ]. Three-dimensional (3D) volumes are acquired from a midsagittal section of the thorax and upper abdomen with the fetus lying in supine position.

While 2D ultrasound examination with gray scale and color flow is the standard for the antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum disorders [ 22 ], 3D ultrasound with power Doppler and multiplanar analysis permits an accurate assessment of the placenta-bladder interface, and the degree of bladder invasion by the placenta [ 56 ]. Three-dimensional (3D) rendered images can be used for patient counseling [ 56 ].

5.4. 3D Printing

With advances in 3D ultrasound, the derived ultrasound data can be used for 3D printing of physical models of whole fetuses [ 57 ] and the fetal face [ 58 ]. A recent trial showed that the use of 3D-printed fetal facial models resulted in greater increases in maternal–fetal attachment in the third trimester than the use of ultrasonography only [ 58 ]. Whether this can be translated into better pregnancy outcomes needs further studies. In addition, a 3D-printed spina bifida model can be beneficial for surgical rehearsal prior to a fetoscopic repair [ 59 ].

With advances in STIC, the derived data can be used for 3D printing of the fetal heart, which is a fast-moving structure [ 60 ]. In a recent case report, the authors found that the 3D model was useful in showing the complex anatomy of fetal transposition of great arteries and in providing prenatal parental counseling [ 61 ].

Previously, after acquisition of a 3D/STIC volume dataset, a number of post-processing steps are required to convert it from Cartesian.vol file through segmentation, refinement, and optimization to a STL (Standard Triangle Language) file, the industry standard file type for 3D Printing [ 60 ]. These steps take a long time, and whether the final produced STL file is good enough for 3D printing is not certain before processing. With recent advances in ultrasound technology, a 3D/STIC volume dataset can be directly exported from the ultrasound machine as an STL file that is ready for viewing on a personal computer using common software as well as for 3D printing ( Figure 12 ).

A physical model of three-dimensional printing of the fetal face.

FetalHQ, a novel heart and vascular analysis software, can allow assessment of the fetal heart shape, size, and contractibility by using speckle tracking to analyze the motion of multiple points of the fetal heart [ 62 ] ( Figure 13 ). The global sphericity index (SI) is a simple measurement of cardiac contractility, and it is equal to (end-diastolic mid-basal–apical length)/transverse length [ 63 ]. For 24-segment sphericity index, SI is computed for each of the 24 end-diastolic transverse segments, which are distributed from the base to the apex of each ventricle, as well as the end-diastolic mid-basal–apical length [ 62 ].

FetalHQ assessment of the fetal heart shape, size, and contractibility by using speckle tracking to analyze the motion of multiple points of the fetal heart at 20 weeks’ gestation.

This 24-segment sphericity index is a comprehensive method to assess the shape of ventricular chambers [ 62 ]. The SI for each segment was independent of gestational age and fetal biometry. The SI of the right ventricle was lower than that of the left ventricle for segments 1–18. This index can be used when discordance between the size of the atrial and/or ventricular cardiac chambers is found. Abnormal SI values are found in the fetuses with cardiac abnormalities such as coarctation of aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and fetal growth restriction [ 62 ]. Abnormal SI values are associated with increased risk of perinatal complications and childhood and/or adult cardiovascular disease [ 64 ].

While the initial results are promising, a recent review of 23 studies showed conflicting results concerning the development of strain and strain rate during gestation [ 65 ]. Large longitudinal cohort studies with a standard protocol are needed to obtain reference values for fetal cardiac deformation in uncomplicated pregnancies [ 65 ]. A recent systematic review also showed heterogeneous results concerning gestational age and Doppler profiles. Large prospective longitudinal cohort studies are required to assess the clinical significance of deformation measurements of the fetal heart in growth restricted fetuses and normal fetuses [ 66 ].

7. Artificial Intelligence

Machine learning, in particular deep learning, allows ultrasound image recognition and thus facilitates the automatic identification and measurement of fetal biometry [ 67 ]. It is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI). In obstetric ultrasonography, the automation of measurements of fetal biometry is a potentially useful tool to increase the reliability and reproducibility of measurements as compared to manual measurements [ 68 ]. In addition, it can reduce scanning time [ 68 ] and work-related fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders [ 69 ].

With automatic image recognition technology applied on a frozen 2D ultrasound image, auto measurement of fetal biometry including biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL) becomes feasible. A study showed a success rate of 91.43% and 100% for auto measurement of HC and BPD, respectively [ 67 ]. Although the inaccuracy for the plane acceptance check for head parameters was 12.9% [ 67 ], such inaccuracy can be corrected by fine-tuning of the caliper placement manually. In another study, manual adjustment of caliper position was not required in about two-thirds of cases for HC and FL measurements, but it was required in more than 80% for the measurement of AC [ 68 ]. Auto measuring AC is more difficult than measuring HC because of the low contrast between the abdomen and surrounding tissues and the large variability in abdominal shape and appearance [ 68 ]. The accuracy of the auto measurement of HC, AC, and FL was high, and it compared well with previously published manual-to-manual agreement, but the auto measurements had a tendency to underestimate biometry, which requires further improvements in the algorithm [ 68 ].

With automatic image recognition technology applied on an acquired 3D ultrasound volume of the fetal head from the BPD plane, SonoCNS allows auto measurement of fetal biometry including BPD, HC, atrium of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle (Vp), transcerebellar diameter (TCD), and cisterna magnum (CM) [ 70 ] ( Figure 14 ). A recent study showed that this 3D automated technology reliably identified and measured BPD and HC but was less so for TCD, CM, and Vp [ 70 ]. Further optimization of this automated technology is required.

SonoCNS, after volume acquisition of the fetal brain at biparietal diameter plane at 21 weeks gestation, showing auto measurement of biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), atrium of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle (Vp), transcerebellar diameter (TCD), and cisterna magnum (CM).

Fetal Intelligent Navigation Echocardiography (FINE) applied on a STIC volume using “intelligent navigation” technology allows the automatic display of nine standard fetal echocardiography views [ 71 ]. This can simplify fetal cardiac examinations, reduce operator dependency, and help detect congenital heart defects [ 71 ].

During a real-time 2D morphology scan, identifying and interpreting fetal standard scan planes are highly complex tasks. With automatic image processing technology [ 46 , 70 ], these tasks can be assisted by providing feedback or guidance to an ultrasound operator on whether a correct standard scan plane of fetal anatomy is obtained, whether all parts of anatomy are checked, and whether unusual findings on a standard plane are identified [ 72 ]. The operator can use this technology as a second pass or confirmation to improve diagnostic accuracy [ 70 ]. This can also allow audit and quality improvement [ 73 ].

Based on deep learning, image segmentation is an image processing method that can automatically recognize the location and size of an object in pixels. However, accurate segmentation of most anatomical structures in medical ultrasound is limited by the low contrast between the target and background of the images [ 74 ]. To improve the segmentation performance of the thoracic wall in fetal ultrasound videos, a novel model-agnostic method using deep learning techniques in processing time-series information of ultrasound videos and the shape of the thoracic wall was proposed [ 75 ]. Accurate segmentation can assist ultrasonographers with identifying the thoracic area and its orientation, and it has the potential to build AI-based diagnostic support models to assess four-chamber view [ 75 ].

There are emerging studies on the application of artificial intelligence in obstetric scan. It is feasible to use 3D ultrasound to automatic measure thymic volume [ 76 ]. Two-dimensional (2D) placental sonographic images can be screened for lacunae, which is a feature of PAS [ 77 ]. Preliminary results are encouraging. Further improvement of algorithm and technology are required prior to using AI applications in clinical practice.

8. Conclusions

The use of high-resolution ultrasonography can facilitate detailed diagnostic ultrasonography, in particular, fetal echocardiography and targeted neurosonography, in at-risk pregnancies, as suggested by the recent guidelines. The use of radiant flow can improve the display, especially in complex cardiac or vascular structures. The use of 3D/4D ultrasound may help in the prenatal diagnosis and counseling of some fetal abnormalities. Select use of linear transducer may enhance the diagnostic capabilities of some superficial anomalies. Speckle tracking of the fetal heart can allow assessment of fetal heart shape, size and contractibility, and further studies are required to assess its clinical effectiveness. At present, automated tools for simple task such as measurement of fetal growth biometry are a good assistant to routine ultrasonography. Further refinement of automated algorithm is required, especially for complex tasks, to improve the workflow.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/diagnostics11071217/s1 . Video S1. High-resolution ultrasonography of the fetal heart at 20 weeks’ gestation showing four-chamber view with two pulmonary veins connecting to the left atrium at a high frame rate. Video S2. High-resolution ultrasonography of the fetal brain at 20 weeks’ gestation: (a) mid-sagittal view showing corpus callosum, thalamus, brain stem and cerebellar vermis, and (b) coronal view through anterior fontanelle showing interhemispheric fissure, corpus callosum and cavum septi pellcidi, thalami. Video S3. High-resolution ultrasonography of the fetal face at 20 weeks’ gestation: (a) mid-sagittal view showing facial profile, ‘superimposed line’, opening and closing of mouth, (b) transverse view showing orbits, lips, palate, and maxilla. Video S4. High-resolution ultrasonography of the fetal neck at 21 weeks gestation: coronal view showing abduction and adduction of vocal cords. Video S5. High-resolution ultrasound of the fetus at 12–13 weeks’ gestation: (a) mid-sagittal view showing head, neck and facial profile, (b) coronal view showing both eyes and ears, (c) four-chamber heart at a high frame rate, and (d) color flow imaging showing blood flow at four-chamber, three-vessel and right subclavian artery views. Video S6. Radiant flow imaging of the fetal heart at 20 weeks’ gestation: (a) Four-chamber view and bifurcation of the pulmonary artery, and (b) three-vessel trachea view and right subclavian artery. Radiant flow shows the blood flow with a sense of depth. Video S7. Radiant flow imaging of the fetal brain at 20 weeks’ gestation showing callosum artery. Radiant flow shows the blood flow with a sense of depth. Video S8. Radiant flow imaging of the fetal umbilical–portal venous system at 20 weeks’ gestation: (a) transverse view of the abdomen showing umbilical vein, left portal vein, and right portal vein, ductus venosus and main umbilical vein, and (b) sagittal view showing the merging of ductus venosus, left hepatic vein, inferior vena cava into the right atrium of the heart. Radiant flow shows the blood flow with a sense of depth. Video S9. A cine loop of glass-body mode of a spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) volume in color Doppler showing a rendered image of a normal fetal heart in a cardiac cycle at 20 weeks’ gestation. Video S10. A cine loop of three-dimensional rendered images of the fetal long bones at 20–22 weeks’ gestation: (a) upper limb including humerus, ulnar, radius and five fingers, and (b) upper and lower limbs. (c) A video clip of four-dimensional rendered image of fetal spine at 20 weeks’ gestation.

This review received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Permission of all figures was obtained from the patients.

Data Availability Statement

Conflicts of interest.

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

On Medicine

The Future, High-Tech Impacts of Ultrasound in Health Care

Ultrasound technology is a vital part of health care. It is utilized for a variety of diagnostic purposes, but until recently, all an ultrasound could be used for was viewing the inside of the human body. New advances in this technology have shown great promise in internal medicine applications. Where can ultrasound be applied in internal medicine, and what implications does it have for the future of ultrasound technology?

Kayla Matthews 18 Apr 2017

Current Ultrasound Applications

Ultrasounds are traditionally used for imaging, usually in internal medicine and prenatal applications. Common newer applications for ultrasound technology include:

• Shock Wave Lithotripsy — This process utilizes targeted ultrasound waves to break up kidney stones and other calcium-based growths in the body. It’s most commonly used to break up stones that are too large to pass, or ones that will not pass naturally. It is an alternative to surgery.
• Dental Descaling — Ultrasounds have been used for periodontal therapy in the form of ultrasound debridement. When used correctly, ultrasound debridement is more efficient and effective than manual debridement.

There are other less common uses for ultrasound technology, but they are not as widely applied or studied.

• Ultrasound for Liver Tumors

Traditional treatment for liver cancer and tumors is to surgically remove the malignant tissue, then treat any remaining cells with a combination of radiation and chemotherapy. By utilizing targeted ultrasound waves, liver tumors can be destroyed without the need for surgical intervention. The waves, emitted by more than 1,000 micro-emitters, cauterize the tissue inside the body.

It is not an easy procedure — the liver moves with the patient’s breath, so treatment requires the patient to either hold their breath or be sedated. The liver also lies behind the rib cage, so the emitters need to be calibrated to avoid doing damage to the ribs. By pairing real-time MRI imagery with these micro-emitters, surgery can be avoided by destroying the malignant cells without the need for invasive surgery.

Additionally, the use of ultrasound technology to cauterize tumors internally would prevent the creation of surgical smoke, which can cause a dangerous decrease in surgeon visibility . Surgical smoke is a hazard for any procedure that utilizes electro-cauterization techniques.

• Immunotherapy-Based Cancer Treatment

Immunotherapy treatment for cancer has become a companion for traditional treatments, utilizing medication to stimulate the patient’s own immune system to fight cancer cells. Many of these new treatments have been approved by the FDA, but they are just starting to become commonplace.

A new treatment technique, currently in preclinical trials , pairs these immunotherapy treatments with ultrasound technology. Early findings suggest ultrasound treatment helps improve a patient’s immune response, helping their body’s immune system fight cancer more effectively. The treatment is noninvasive and unlike radiation therapy, it doesn’t have any negative side effects. It also doesn’t negatively affect the immune system.

• Bone Healing and Joint Therapy

Broken bones, traditionally, take anywhere from 3 to 10 weeks to heal, depending on the age and health of the patient and the severity of the break.

By utilizing low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), studies have shown increased healing rates of anywhere from 24 percent to 42 percent when applied to fresh fractures. While healing rates do drop for older fractures, overall success rates are high. Some success rates are upwards of 80 percent.

The exact reason ultrasounds help bones knit is unknown, but it has seen a unique application in the form of a 3-D printed cast that aids healing with the use of ultrasound waves. While it’s only a prototype, it could easily become the next advancement in bone repair.

Ultrasound technology could potentially change the way noninvasive surgery and treatments are done. These advances can save lives, decrease healing time and do a whole lot more than just look inside the body.

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Nursing — The Rising Demand for Ultrasound Technicians

The Rising Demand for Ultrasound Technicians

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Educational requirements, job responsibilities, salary potential, future outlook.

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Essay on Want To Be A Ultrasound Technician

Students are often asked to write an essay on Want To Be A Ultrasound Technician in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Want To Be A Ultrasound Technician

What is an ultrasound technician.

An ultrasound technician is a person who uses a special machine to create images of what’s inside our bodies. These images help doctors figure out what’s wrong with a patient or see how a baby is growing inside its mother.

Why Become One?

Becoming an ultrasound technician is exciting because you get to help people every day. It’s a job where you can feel proud because you play a big part in taking care of patients’ health.

What Do You Need to Learn?

To be an ultrasound technician, you need to study a lot about the human body and how to use ultrasound machines. You’ll go to a special school for this after finishing high school.

Working as an Ultrasound Technician

Working in this job means you’ll spend your days in hospitals or clinics, meeting different people and using cool technology to look inside their bodies. It’s a job that keeps you on your toes but is very rewarding.

250 Words Essay on Want To Be A Ultrasound Technician

What do ultrasound technicians do.

Ultrasound technicians prepare patients for their exams. They explain the procedure to patients and make sure they are comfortable. Ultrasound technicians then use a transducer to send sound waves into the patient’s body. The transducer picks up the sound waves that bounce back. These sound waves are used to create images of the inside of the body. Ultrasound technicians may also use ultrasound to guide doctors during biopsies or other procedures.

Why Should I Want to Be an Ultrasound Technician?

There are many reasons why you might want to be an ultrasound technician. Ultrasound technicians are in high demand. This means that there are many jobs available for ultrasound technicians. Ultrasound technicians also earn a good salary. The median annual salary for ultrasound technicians is $73,660. Ultrasound technicians have the opportunity to help people. They can help doctors diagnose and treat diseases. They can also help pregnant women see their babies for the first time.

How Do I Become an Ultrasound Technician?

To become an ultrasound technician, you will need to complete an accredited ultrasound technician program. These programs typically take two years to complete. You will learn about the basics of ultrasound, how to use ultrasound equipment, and how to interpret ultrasound images. After you complete your program, you will need to pass a national exam in order to become certified.

500 Words Essay on Want To Be A Ultrasound Technician

Becoming an ultrasound technician: a step-by-step guide.

Are you fascinated by the human body and enjoy working with cutting-edge technology? If so, a career as an ultrasound technician might be the perfect fit for you. Ultrasound technicians use specialized equipment to create images of the inside of the body, which helps doctors diagnose and treat various medical conditions. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you get started on your journey to becoming an ultrasound technician:

Educational Requirements

To become an ultrasound technician, you typically need a certificate or associate degree in ultrasound technology. These programs usually take two to three years to complete and cover topics such as anatomy, physiology, physics, and patient care. Some programs also offer hands-on training in ultrasound imaging techniques.

Clinical Experience

Certification.

Once you’ve completed your education and clinical experience, you’ll need to pass a certification exam to become a registered ultrasound technician (RDMS). The RDMS exam is offered by the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS). Passing the RDMS exam demonstrates your competence in performing ultrasound exams and interpreting ultrasound images.

Job Outlook

The job outlook for ultrasound technicians is expected to grow faster than average in the coming years. This growth is due to the increasing demand for ultrasound imaging in various medical fields, including cardiology, obstetrics and gynecology, and radiology. Ultrasound technicians can work in hospitals, clinics, imaging centers, and private practices.

Becoming an ultrasound technician can be a rewarding career path for those who are passionate about healthcare and enjoy working with technology. With the right education, experience, and certification, you can become a valuable member of the healthcare team and make a real difference in the lives of patients.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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• Should You Pursue a Career in Sonography? A Self Assessment
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History of Ultrasound

An Overview of Ultrasound History and Discovery

The technology used in medical ultrasound is continuously evolving and currently contributing to important improvments in patient diagnosis and treatment. The science and technologies employed in sonography have a long and interesting history. This story begins with the women and men (and yes animals) from across the world who have contributed to the evolution of ultrasound over the past 225+ years.

Let’s take a look back at the history of ultrasound and learn how the use of sound waves as a diagnostic tool made their way into clinics and hospitals across the globe.

Echolocation and Ultrasound’s Early Beginnings

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Many ask, who invented the ultrasound?   Italian biologist,  Lazzaro Spallanzani is most often credited person for discovering ultrasonography.

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) was a physiologist, professor and priest who carried out numerous experiments that led to great insights in human and animal biology.

In 1794  Spallanzani performed studies on bats that concluded that they could navigate using sound rather than sight. This is now known as echolocation where locations are determined or identified through sound waves being reflected or bounced back from objects in an environment.  These same principles are how medical ultrasound technology functions today.

RELATED:   7 Female Pioneers in Medical Imaging

Ultrasound is characterized as sound waves with a frequency higher than what is audible to the human ear. “The first detailed experiments that indicated that non-audible sound might exist were performed on bats by Lazzaro Spallanzani,” states D. Kane, W. Grassi, R. Sturrock, P. V. Balint; A brief history of musculoskeletal ultrasound: ‘From bats and ships to babies and hips’ , Rheumatology, Volume 43, Issue 7, 1 July 2004.

What is Echolocation?

We can find several additional examples of echolocation in nature. Echolocation pulses are short bursts of sound at frequencies that span from about 1,000 hertz in birds to at more than 200,000 hertz in whales.

Early Experiments in Ultrasound

Gerald Neuweiler, in his book The Biology of Bats , describes how Spallanzani brought owls into his lab and observed that they would not fly around the room if there was no source of light. “When he repeated the same experiment using bats, these small mammals flew confidently around the bishop’s study, even in total darkness, managing to avoid the wires that Spallanzani had hung from the ceiling,” wrote Neuweiler.

Neuweiler adds that the Italian scientist even blinded the bats by burning them with a “red-hot needle” and still they were able to avoid the wires. Spallanzani knew this because bells were attached to the ends of the wires.

The physiologist gained insight that the bats were relying on the sense of sound for navigation because when he placed closed brass tubes inside the mammals’ ears, they could not navigate the room properly and would fly into the wires.

Although he did not know that the bats were emitting their own sound for orientation, sound higher than he or any human would be able to hear, Spallanzani was able to conclude that the creatures were using their ears to navigate their environment.

Medicine Benefits from Developments in Ultrasound

As time passed, others continued to build on Spallanzani’s work.  It was in 1942 that  Neurologist Karl Dussik is credited with being the first to use ultrasonic waves as a diagnostic tool.  He transmitted an ultrasound beam through the human skull in attempts of detecting brain tumors.  This is still very early in the history of diagnostic medical sonography, but it was clear that this noninvasive technology had tremendous possibility.

Ultrasound technology and its application in healthcare have continued to mature.  The advancement of tools and refinement of procedures are happening everyday.  Most recently, smaller portable scanners have become more widespread, and have helped further integrate the use of ultrasound in more areas and stages of patient care.

A Chat with Sonographer, Educator, Pioneer and Ergonomics Expert, Joan P. Baker

It was truly an honor to interview Joan P. Baker MSR, RDMS, RDCS, FSDMS . Originally from England, Baker was invited to the United States in the 1960s – due to her sonography passion and practice – and she’s been here ever since.

Ultrasound History Timeline

Here’s a look back at some of the key milestones in the development and history of ultrasound technology.

History of Sonography in Obstetrics and Gynaecology

In our current culture, ultrasounds might best known for their use during pregnancy to produce a sonogram, a visual image produced from an ultrasound examination.  Within the larger ultrasound family of specializations, Obstetrics and Gynaecology have seen some important historical moments as well.  You’ll find some of the more notable developments in the OB/GYN specialization below.

Additional information about this topic and resources consulted about the history of sonography.

• Karl Theo (Theodore) Dussik
• Echolocation
• A brief history of musculoskeletal ultrasound: ‘From bats and ships to babies and hips’
• Investigation Of Abdominal Masses By Pulsed Ultrasound
• A short history of sonography in obstetrics and gynaecology

If you would like to become a part of this evolving field, you can complete a degree at one of the numerous ultrasound schools across the country .

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Ultrasound Technology in Podiatry Surgery Research Paper

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Introduction

Randomized controlled trial, educational intervention, theoretical/conceptual framework, literature review strategy, research design, chapter analysis, research questions and hypotheses, scope, limitations, and delimitations.

Technology has already become a part of people’s lives in many spheres. The Healthcare system heavily relies on various technological advances as they provide manifold opportunities to improve the services available to patients. Technology helps in treating illnesses and managing individuals’ health conditions. It is also associated with efficiency, error-free procedures, faster healing processes. Podiatry surgery also benefits from the utilization of technology.

One of the areas where technology has proved to be essential is minimally invasive surgery. For instance, endoscopy has become a widely used procedure that minimizes the size of incisions and leads to a faster and less painful healing process (De Leeuw, Van Sterkenburg, Van Bergen & Van Dijk, 2011). The risk of infection is also reduced. Another important technological advancement is associated with the external fixation that is now performed with the use of materials that enable minimum incisions and intrusion into the blood circulation (Didomenico, Ziran & Cane, 2011).

However, ultrasound surgery and color Doppler-guided surgery are now seen as some of the most recent advances that maximize the efficiency of various procedures. For instance, Alfredson and Isaksson (2014) note that these methods are effective when it comes to “chronic painful insertional Achilles tendinopathy” (p. 7). The healing process is less painful and quite shorter. The patients who took part in the study reported that they were satisfied with the outcomes of the treatment. Therefore, it is clear that various technological advances enable surgeons to carry out various procedures in a more effective way.

It has been acknowledged that a randomized controlled trial (RCT) provides sound evidence to support or refute hypotheses in clinical research. At that, Bowen et al. (2012) note that RCT should be characterized by “sufficient detail for replication” to be used as the ground of any clinical research (p. 4). First, it is important to briefly outline the peculiarities of the RCT to understand the researchers’ point.

Randomized controlled trials involve participants who are randomly chosen, which eliminated any bias related to sampling. People of different backgrounds with different health histories often take part in the research, which allows researchers to understand the effectiveness of treatment (procedure, medication, and so on) in a wide population (Gordon, Darbyshire & Baker, 2012). It is possible to note that this is one of the most reliable tools to implement research. However, the lack of details when reporting the results of a trial can undermine the relevance of a study. If the trial cannot be replicated, the results may seem unreliable as there is no way to check if all the procedures were followed properly and whether all results were interpreted carefully.

Gordon et al. (2012) stress that the provision of sufficient details enables researchers to check the validity of the RCT and come to sound conclusions concerning the issue under study. Thus, it is crucial to make sure that the trial is properly reported and can be easily replicated to encourage other researchers to check the results of the trials implemented. Peer reviews are major tools to contribute to the knowledge base and come up with important insights into a variety of healthcare issues and concerns.

Intervention

The proposed educational intervention is associated with the use of ultrasound in podiatry surgery. The use of ultrasound is instrumental in identifying the exact areas of concerns that eliminates possible errors as well as minimizes the incisions. The educational intervention includes reading and discussion of several articles concerning the use of the technology mentioned.

The study by Alfredson and Isaksson (2014) can be central to the intervention. Learners can even try to replicate this study (in particular, the part concerning examination). Several videos and visuals are shown during the discussion sessions. The next stage is the learners’ review of the existing literature. The discussion of the information learned is the following stage.

The practice is the final stage of the intervention. Learners practice using the tool and evaluating the results of the examination. The assessment will include the focus on the ability to use the technology as well as learners’ willingness and readiness to use it in their clinical practice. The learners will identify the affected tissue and health conditions following the examination results. They will also carry out the examination. Finally, they will complete a survey concerning their views on technology and their willingness or readiness to use it in their clinical experiences.

Assumptions

The learners will be able to use ultrasound in podiatry surgery effectively. They will be able to use the technology in numerous settings. They will also be willing to try new ways of employing the tool by implementing their trials. Besides, the participants will feel empowered to initiate acquiring tools and technology to improve their performance as well as the performance of the healthcare facility.

Limitations

One of the major limitations is the fact that the intervention will cover a limited number of learners. Furthermore, specific equipment (characterized by certain features) will be used, which limits the learners’ ability to use other types of equipment. The duration of the intervention will be quite brief. However, the intervention can be extended if necessary. It is necessary to add that the evaluation of the intervention will help identify the most appropriate duration of the training course.

Delimitations

The intervention will last for two weeks. The learners will have four training sessions a week and one assessment session during the second week. Ten novice surgeons will participate. This sample is chosen as novice surgeons may lack the necessary knowledge and skills necessary to carry out certain operations with the use of ultrasound technology.

The intervention will remove such gaps if any. The equipment available at the healthcare facility will be employed. The evaluation of the intervention effectiveness will be held within the period of one and three months after its beginning. The extent to which the technology is utilized, patients’ satisfaction, the quality of services provided will be used as criteria for the assessment of the training.

Operationalization of Terms

Several terms will be employed in the study. Ultrasound technology is the equipment used in a healthcare facility to examine the Achilles insertion. Novice surgeons are surgeons who have worked from 3 to 9 months in the healthcare facility.

Theoretical Framework

When conducting research, it is critical to employ an appropriate theoretical framework. The choice of the framework depends on the focus of the study, the field of study, and so on. When it comes to medical technology, it is possible to use several theories. One of these frameworks can be a motivation theory (Geisler & Heller, 2012). It is possible to employ Alderfer’s ERG theory as it helps unveil the motivation of healthcare professionals to utilize technology. Thus, existence, relatedness, and growth need to drive people’s behaviors. When using technology, surgeons will be able to satisfy their growth needs.

Other motivation theories can also be used to identify the extent to which healthcare professionals are committed to using this or that technological advancement. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can help evaluate the commitment of the medical staff as regards their physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs. It is also possible to use Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs to explore patients’ views concerning the use of medical technology in their treatment. This study can explore the way patients see the benefits and downsides of the use of technology. Their fears and concerns can also be examined. Therefore, the study may detect barriers to the use of technology and ways to overcome them by using methods that will satisfy patients’ needs.

As far as the use of medical technology is concerned, it is possible to employ the utility theory as well. The utility theory focuses on the way a product or service can satisfy the needs of the consumer who chooses following several criteria (Geisler & Heller, 2012). The use of technology is not confined to purely clinical outcomes. Healthcare facilities have quite limited funds and management has to decide which technology to use, and the choice can be rather difficult due to the abundance of products available. The utility theory framework can help identify the most appropriate tools and equipment for a particular health care facility.

Another theoretical approach is associated with professional dominance theory. According to this theory, healthcare professionals seek control over choices made within an organization (Cockerham, 2015). The theory was widely used in the 1970s, but it is still applicable and can be utilized to explore the way technology is chosen and employed in healthcare facilities. The focus can be on the way doctors affect the choices and shape the technological equipping of hospitals. It is also possible to use this framework when evaluating the effectiveness of training associated with the use of technology. The theory can help the researcher identify the extent to which healthcare professionals feel empowered and initiate the use (as well as the purchase of some equipment).

Conceptual Framework

As to the conceptual framework, it is possible to employ several concepts. The first concept to be used is knowledge (Geisler & Heller, 2012). Technology is always connected with the concept of knowledge and the creation of technology as well as its proper usage in the clinical setting involves a certain degree of knowledge and skills. Knowledge management and sharing are also closely connected with medical technology. Therefore, knowledge is a key element of the use of technological advances. Training is closely connected with the concept of knowledge. The medical staff needs training as technological advances appear each day, and healthcare professionals should have the necessary training to utilize new equipment effectively.

Another important concept guiding the research associated with medical technology is administration (Geisler & Heller, 2012). The choice of technology to be purchased often depends on the facility’s management. Therefore, the concept of administration is also very important when focusing on medical technology. Administrators are often free to allocate funds to purchase equipment and invest in staff training. More so, the way the healthcare facility is equipped depends on the views of the administrators’ views on the matter. If the administrator does not find technology essential, the healthcare facility may lack the necessary resources.

Applicability is another concept to be considered. As has been mentioned above, many healthcare facilities have limited resources and have to prioritize. The choice of the most appropriate and relevant equipment is critical. It is essential to have the technology that will be used to its full potential. It is also important to make sure that the equipment will help address the most urgent issues the healthcare facility deals with. This can require the implementation of the research concerning the most common health issues patients have in this or that community.

Finally, it is also possible to employ the concept of motivation. In many cases, people tend to use something they know well (Geisler & Heller, 2012). Many people are reluctant to use innovations due to their fear of errors. Therefore, healthcare professionals should be motivated to use technological advances. They should try to use new tools and methods in various settings to achieve high results and provide high-quality healthcare services.

When implementing any research, it is critical to implement a comprehensive literature review. It provides the background for the research as the research obtains the information on the existing knowledge on the matter as well as existing gaps (Ridley, 2012). It can also help the researcher to choose the most appropriate methodology to implement the research.

Many approaches to search appropriate sources to review exist. Ridley (2012) identifies five broad categories that include catalogs, Internet search engines, bibliographical databases, open-access databases, and professional organization websites. As for the catalogs, it is possible to use the Library of Congress catalog to track sources available in US libraries. It is also possible to use BUBL Link to trace online resources (Ridley, 2012).

As far as databases are concerned, it is possible to use EBSCO databases as this online platform contains links to a wide variety of academic sources in numerous fields including medical technology and surgery. Medline is another helpful database that can provide the researcher with links to relevant sources. Of course, PubMed is also a valuable source that can be used to search relevant academic resources on health care issues and medical technology.

One of the most effective search engines is Google Scholar. It provides links to various resources including books, peer-reviewed articles, relevant magazines, and websites. Importantly, all these sources are associated with advanced search tools that help the researcher to refine the search of resources following keywords, topics, publishing dates, and so on. All these features save the researcher’s time and make the process of data collection for the literature review quite fast and efficient.

When implementing the search for resources, it is important to choose the relevant keywords to make the process fast and efficient. The keywords for this study can be as follows: podiatry surgery, medical technology, ultrasound technology, technological advances. These keywords will be instrumental in allocating relevant sources.

Quantitaive Research Methodology

Education is one of the pillars of the development of society. It is also a basis of the healthcare system as education is the platform for the transition of knowledge and skills from seasoned professionals to novice practitioners. Education within healthcare bears some traits of education in other spheres, but it also has certain peculiarities.

Moriates, Dohan, Spetz, and Sawaya (2015) stress that education within healthcare should provide professionals who have a set of competencies that enable them to provide high-quality healthcare service. Importantly, these competencies include particular clinical skills, knowledge of policies and financial issues (costs, insurance), as well as emotional intelligence, leadership, the use of technology, mentoring, advocacy, and so on (Moriates et al., 2015). One of the most distinctive features of healthcare education is its possible outcomes as healthcare professionals mainly deal with people’s health. No errors or even gap can be tolerated in this sphere.

The education within healthcare is similar to education in other fields, as apart from acquiring knowledge and skills to provide care, healthcare professionals learn to be an effective researcher to expand the knowledge base and develop new methods and tools to improve the services provided or the entire system. Furthermore, education is not confined to formal methods that involve studying in medical schools.

On-job training is an important component of the system that enables novel, as well as experienced, healthcare professionals to acquire new knowledge and skills to be able to provide high-quality services (Lochmiller & Lester, 2015). This is especially true when the use of technology is involved since technology is constantly changing and upgrading, which makes it important for practitioners to have the necessary skills to use it.

As far as the on-job training, the constructivist theory is an appropriate theoretical paradigm as it is consistent with the peculiarities of this type of education. The theoretical model implies the focus on people’s previous experience as well as collaboration (Pritchard & Woollard, 2013). This theory is applicable as employees tend to use their background knowledge to construct new knowledge and skills, and this process is facilitated through sharing ideas and experiences (Pritchard & Woollard, 2013). Thus, on-job training presupposes that employees already have certain knowledge that is expanded through learning new information and developing certain competencies.

The focus of this study is the examination of the effectiveness of an intervention aimed at improving surgeons’ competence to use ultrasound and color Doppler-guided technology to treat patients suffering from insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Alfredson and Isaksson (2014) report the positive impact of the use of this technology in surgeons’ practice. The intervention will cover novice surgeons. To evaluate the efficiency of the intervention, it is possible to employ a quantitative research design.

The quantitative design is associated with the analysis of numerical data, which, in turn, is characterized by a high degree of generalizability of findings. Thus, the quantitative analysis will allow the researcher to identify whether the intervention can be effective on a large scale. In other words, this type of research design will reveal the outcomes of intervention as an experiment will be carried out. When compared to the qualitative methodology, quantitative studies are regarded as more measurable and generalizable as variables that can be quantified are used. Within the quantitative research methodology, it is possible to consider two methods: a randomized controlled trial and quasi-experimental research (Greener, 2011).

First, it is important to note that these tools are very similar but differ in one of the key points. Both methodologies usually imply the use of an experiment. Thus, two groups participate, and one group receives certain intervention while the other does not get any training. The test group has the training intervention while practitioners in the other group receive some manuals with a list of properties and features, as well as for instructions, concerning the use of the new technology. The performance of the participants is measured with the use of such criteria as the frequency of the use of the technology, occurrence of errors, patients’ satisfaction.

O’Dwyer and Bernauer (2014) state that the major difference between quasi-experimental and true experimental (randomized controlled trial) designs is concerned with sampling. In the randomized controlled trial, the researcher randomly assigns people to the two groups (O’Dwyer & Bernauer, 2014). In a quasi-experimental study, the researcher chooses participants without randomization, which can be explained by the unavailability of participants (for instance, a specific group is in the researcher’s lens).

At that, when choosing a methodology, it is crucial to remember that the randomized controlled trial is associated with a greater degree of relevance as it is more generalizable. Any person has a chance to enter any type of group, which makes the evaluation more effective as the researcher can potentially estimate the way an average practitioner can benefit from the intervention.

In this study, it is possible to employ a randomized controlled trial as the researcher can randomly choose participants. The number of practitioners characterized by the dependent variable (the time they work for this healthcare facility) is sufficient, and several surgeons can receive the intervention while the rest can be provided with the manuals.

Importantly, other variables will be excluded, which means that the intervention’s effectiveness will be checked with a potentially wide population. In its turn, this will contribute to the generalizability of the findings. The researcher will identify the way an average practitioner can benefit from the intervention in question. On the contrary, if a specific group of people will participate in the training program, it will be unclear whether other practitioners will equally benefit from the intervention.

In conclusion, it is possible to note that education within healthcare, like the one in any other field, aims at transferring knowledge to the new generation. On-job training is critical for the healthcare system especially when it comes to the use of technology as it constantly evolves. When considering such training, it is possible to apply the constructivist learning theory as it implies the use of people’s background knowledge and sharing ideas. The collaboration is a key element of this approach, and the intervention in question is also characterized by a significant emphasis on collaboration.

It is necessary to note that research is an important component of education as well. An intervention aimed at the development of skills necessary to use ultrasound technology can be evaluated with the help of a quantitative study. It is possible to use randomized controlled trial or quasi-experimental research, but the former is preferable as it is associated with a greater degree of generalizability. In the randomized controlled trial, sampling procedures allow the researcher to generalize data, which is important for the evaluation of any training program.

Quasi-Experimental Design

This type of research design focuses on a non-random assignment. As a rule, a quasi-experimental design requires a provision of both pretest and posttest procedures of the two groups under comparison. The core of this design is causal hypotheses that need to be either proved or refuted.

Speaking of the conditions, it is essential to pinpoint that treatment versus no treatment (comparison) groups are usually compared. Among relevant techniques to evaluate the results of the study, scholars note “regression discontinuity design (RDD) and propensity score matching (PSM)” (White & Sabarwal, 2014). The above tools constitute the two principal algorithms for the quasi-experimental design.

However, a statistical analysis here is complicated by the very fact of the lack of randomization. In particular, Handley, Schillinger, and Shiboski (2011) emphasize that it creates possible non-equivalence between studied groups. Therefore, it seems beneficial to consider a randomized controlled trial design to compare it with the already discussed quasi-experimental design and choose the most appropriate way to conduct the research.

In its turn, the randomized control trial (RCT) offers greater relevance by definition. Its sampling assumes random assignment of participants to the two groups (O’Dwyer & Bernauer, 2014). Randomization is crucial in conducting this method of design. It should provide a random distribution of patients that is not dependent on any factors and comparability of the groups being compared by clinical and demographic characteristics of patients including the severity of the underlying disease under study, concomitant pathology, and therapy. Therefore, the randomized controlled trial is regarded as the most scientifically rigorous method of hypotheses assessment.

Rationale for Choosing the most Appropriate Design

As it was stated in previous sections, the purpose of the research is to study the effectiveness of an intervention focused on enhancing surgeons’ proficiency to utilize ultrasound and color Doppler-guided technology in patients with insertional Achilles tendinopathy. In this connection, the use of the randomized controlled trial is much more applicable due to its high generalizability. In other words, a wide population might be embraced by the researcher to make the study more credible. Jin, Hua, and Cao (2016) also note an increased evidence-based relevance and popularity of the randomized controlled trials in a clinical environment. The results of the study would contribute to the experience of average practitioners.

Data Collection and Evaluation Instruments

To conduct a quantitative study that was chosen before, it is essential to use the survey data collection. According to Cleophas (2012), survey questions allow data monitoring and acquiring that is crucial to achieving the established research goals. In the context of the quantitative study, a statistical analysis would serve as the most opportune method of data examination. The focal objective of the statistical analysis of the RCT is the establishment of a difference and the degree of its credibility concerning outcomes between the group with the test intervention and the control group.

Currently, there are plenty of packages of programs for statistic analysis of the results such as BMDP, SOLO, and others. However, to address the research questions, it is useful to apply SurveyMonkey data collection mechanism and subsequent SPSS analysis.

Antonius (2012) states that this is a significant instrument to analyze data effectively and accurately. Moreover, to obtain objective information on the effectiveness of the intervention, the analysis should include all originally randomized patients (intention-to-treat analysis) and those whose treatment was carried out in strict compliance with the study protocol (on protocol analysis) (Antonius, 2012). This is one of the key ways to minimize possible errors when the intention-to-treat analysis is based on the assumption that all patients received the treatment prescribed at randomization.

The previous chapters provide an in-depth analysis of the research designs and methods. First, it was revealed that the chosen topic of digital intervention in invasive podiatry surgery is of great importance in a modern healthcare system. In particular, the impact of ultrasound and color Doppler-guided technology was chosen to examine in detail. After that, several educational intervention peculiarities including assumptions (effectiveness of technology implementation), limitations (limited number of learners and specific equipment), delimitations (two weeks and four training sessions), and others were identified.

Furthermore, both theoretical and conceptual frameworks were delineated. The first one comprised such theories as motivational, Alderfer’s ERG, utility, and professional dominance while the second one employed the following concepts: knowledge, administration, and applicability. Databases search was chosen as the paramount literature review strategy, yet it would require the use of relevant keywords that might be as follows: podiatry surgery, ultrasound technology, or technological advances.

Speaking of the methodology, a direct connection between the purpose statement and research questions was detected. Alignment of the four fundamental elements including research method, design, purpose statement, and research questions was found crucial for the effectiveness of the study as they serve in the role of a basis. Finally, the last section examined both quasi-experimental and randomized controlled trial designs pointing out the evident advantages of the latter for this research. Also, it was stated that the quantitative study analysis in the framework of SPSS would be appropriate to present credible results.

Quantitative Dissertations Review

Medical research can be implemented with the use of qualitative and quantitative tools. It has been acknowledged that quantitative studies are characterized by a significant degree of generalizability which allows practitioners to apply the findings in various settings (Koop, 2011). It is necessary to note that studies based on the use of the quantitative research design may involve a research question (or several research questions), hypothesis (or hypotheses) or both. In many cases, both hypotheses and research questions are available. It is possible to review several quantitative dissertations to understand the peculiarities of effective research questions and hypotheses.

As far as the hypothesis is concerned, it can be referred to as the major expectation of the researcher. It should also be as detailed as possible to enable the researcher to see whether the goals of the study have been met (Lum, 2008). It is essential to make sure that the hypothesis is consistent with the purpose of the study (Koop, 2011). There are different approaches to crafting hypotheses. For example, Johnson (2008) provides a null hypothesis that is proved to be true.

When it comes to research questions, they can be defined as particular objectives of the study or specific elements of the issue under analysis. Eshun and Eshun (2013) put special questions or the so-called Wh- questions. This provides a certain plan for evaluation of the intervention under analysis. These questions should also be very detailed and consistent with the hypothesis (or hypotheses) identified (Johnson, 2011; McLaughlin, 2012).

The Research Questions and Hypothesis for the Present Study

This study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention. The researcher is specifically interested in such areas as the frequency of the use of the equipment, peculiarities (settings) of this use, patients’ satisfaction and the participants’ commitment to contribute to the development of the healthcare facility through the improvement of technology-associated policies. The research questions of the present study can be formulated as follows:

• How does the intervention correlate with the frequency of the use of technology, patients’ satisfaction, as well as the quality of services provided?
• How does the intervention affect the participants’ willingness to implement their research or find new ways of utilizing the equipment?
• How does the intervention affect the participants’ willingness to affect the hospital’s performance as well as certain purchasing policies?

The hypotheses of this research can be formulated as follows:

• The intervention will lead to an increase in the frequency of the equipment use, improvement of patients’ satisfaction, and quality of services provided.
• The participants will be willing to find new ways of using the tool and implement their research regarding the use of technology in the operating room.
• The participants will feel empowered to have an impact on the development of the healthcare facility by shaping their policies concerning the use and purchase of technology.

To sum up, it is possible to note that the quantitative research design is characterized by a considerable degree of validity and generalizability. To achieve his aims, the research has to create sound and detailed hypotheses and research questions. The hypothesis is the researcher’s expectation while research questions can be referred to as particular steps to achieve the aim of the study. The hypotheses and research questions provided are consistent with the purpose of the present study.

The scope of the study includes information concerning the central domains of the study (Jacobsen, 2016). This study focuses on improving certain practitioners’ knowledge and skills in the use of specific equipment. Surgeons of a local healthcare facility will take part in the research. The practitioners who have worked in the healthcare facility for 3-9 months will take part in the study as it is vital to identify the effectiveness of the intervention with new healthcare professionals.

The overall clinic experience of these professionals will not exceed 2-3 years. Thus, the ability to learn and share knowledge in a particular hospital is also under analysis. At that, the focus is on the utilization of ultrasound in podiatry surgery. The study by Alfredson and Isaksson (2014) is the basis of the intervention as the participants will try the method described in the article mentioned.

As has been mentioned above, new surgeons will take part in the study. It has been acknowledged that the use of the randomized controlled trial allows researchers to ensure the validity of the research (Greener, 2011; Bowen et al., 2012). This study is characterized by elements of this method. Ten participants will be in the experimental group, and the same number of participants will be in the control group. The participants will have similar working experience in the healthcare facility in question (3-9 months). Their overall clinical experience will be between 2 and 3 years. Other variables (for example, age, gender, ethnicity, credentials, and so on) will be disregarded. All the participants will be employees of a local healthcare facility.

Limitations of the quantitative research may be associated with the sample size, the scope of the study, methods of data collection and analysis, and so on (Creswell, 2013). The sample size is rather small as only ten participants will take part in the research. However, this can be the first (preliminary) study that focuses on the methodology rather than the intervention.

The researcher will pay attention to a limited number of variables (working experience). Nonetheless, gender can be an important variable to study as males and females often respond to interventions differently (Edmonds & Kennedy, 2016). Another limitation is the scope of the study as it involves a local healthcare facility only. Employees of other facilities (located in a different place) can respond differently to the intervention due to the peculiarities of the community.

This study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention developed for new healthcare practitioners. This sample is chosen as graduates and employees who have worked a limited period in a healthcare facility often need the training to enable them to provide high-quality healthcare services using the resources available in their hospitals. The intervention in the study implies a significant proportion of communication, which is also essential for new practitioners who may have difficulties with knowledge sharing.

The only experience was chosen as the variable due to its relevance. Such variables as gender or ethnicity can be included in further research concerning the subject matter of this study. Finally, the small sample size allows the researcher to collect and analyze data within a short timeframe. These data can be used as the basis for further research as the intervention can be modified to make it more effective. Further research may involve the focus on larger sample size as well as different healthcare facilities.

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Didomenico, L.A., Ziran, B.H., & Cane, L.Z. (2011). The use of external fixation in the lower extremity. In A. Saxena (Ed.), International advances in foot and ankle surgery (pp. 439-453). Palo Alto, CA: Springer Science & Business Media.

Edmonds, W., & Kennedy, T. (2016). An applied guide to research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Eshun, P., & Eshun, N. (2013). Attitudes of perioperative personnel: A comparative research on safety culture and usage of surgical safety checklist (Bachelor Dissertation, Unit of Kokkola-Pietarsaari, Kokkola-Pietarsaari, Finland).

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Gordon, M., Darbyshire, D., & Baker, P. (2012). Non-technical skills training to enhance patient safety: A systematic review. Medical Education , 46 (11), 1042-1054.

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Handley, M. A., Schillinger, D., & Shiboski, S. (2011). Quasi-Experimental Designs in Practice-based Research Settings: Design and Implementation Considerations. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 24 (5), 589-596. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2011.05.110067

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Jin, L., Hua, F., & Cao, Q. (2016). Reporting quality of randomized controlled trial abstracts published in leading laser medicine journals: An assessment using the CONSORT for abstracts guidelines. Lasers in Medical Science , 146 (9), 669-678. doi:10.1007/s10103-016-2018-4

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Johnson, D.R. (2011). A quantitative study of teacher perceptions of professional learning communities’ context, process, and content (Doctoral thesis, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ).

Koop, M.M. (2011). Targeting hypokinesia in Parkinson’s disease with quantitative measures and a computational model to determine its severity, its improvement from therapy, and explore underlying pathophysiological mechanisms (Doctoral thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA).

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IvyPanda. (2020, August 7). Ultrasound Technology in Podiatry Surgery. https://ivypanda.com/essays/ultrasound-technology-in-podiatry-surgery/

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The Power of Imaging: Why I am Passionate about Becoming a Sonographer

Many individuals who have been introduced to the world of diagnostic medical sonography have discovered the fascinating nature of this field and how the technology involved has evolved. As a result, their desire to pursue a career in this constantly evolving and exciting field has become more solidified. Discover the inspiration behind sonography and learn how to craft a compelling essay detailing your motivations for pursuing a career in this field. Our custom essay writing company offers tips and guidance on perfecting your essays, including, for instance, Why I Want to Become an Ultrasound Technician Essay.

Why I Want to be a Sonographer

My desire to become a sonographer stems from my belief that this role plays a crucial part in the healthcare system. With the use of ultrasound technology, sonographers capture images of the body that assist doctors in diagnosing various medical conditions. As a sonographer, I envision myself working directly with patients, providing them with the care and attention they need to make a positive impact on their healthcare outcomes. Furthermore, I view this career path as an opportunity to contribute to the overall well-being of the community.

Education and Training

To pursue a career as a sonographer, I understand that I must complete an accredited program in diagnostic medical sonography. Such a program comprises both didactic and clinical training, with the former providing me with a firm grasp of anatomy, physiology, and pathology, including the study of diseases. Through clinical training, I will gain hands-on experience in performing ultrasound scans and interacting with patients, thus preparing me for the certification exam and equipping me with the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in this field.

Job Opportunities

One of the advantages of pursuing a career as a sonographer is the diverse range of job opportunities available. Sonographers have the flexibility to work in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, and private practices. Moreover, the field offers specialized areas such as obstetrics, neurosonography, and vascular sonography, which provide additional career options. Additionally, the job outlook for sonographers is highly favorable, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics projecting a 23 percent increase in demand between 2016 and 2026. This makes it an appealing profession for individuals seeking job security and stability.

Advancements in Technology

The field of diagnostic medical sonography is constantly advancing, with continuous improvements in technology such as 3D and 4D imaging, making it an exciting time to consider becoming a sonographer. As a sonographer, I would have the opportunity to work with state-of-the-art equipment that can facilitate more precise and accurate diagnoses. Moreover, developments in portable ultrasound devices enable sonographers to reach patients in remote or inaccessible areas, thereby increasing access to care. As a result, I am convinced that the field of diagnostic medical sonography will continue to expand and evolve, presenting sonographers with outstanding opportunities for career growth and development.

Impact on Patients

The impact that sonographers can have on their patients is one of the most rewarding aspects of the field. By producing precise and timely images, sonographers can aid in early detection and diagnosis, ultimately improving patient outcomes and potentially saving lives. As someone who has personally experienced the anxiety and uncertainty that can accompany a medical diagnosis, I understand the value of having a healthcare provider who is empathetic and compassionate. In my role as a sonographer, I would have the opportunity to provide patients with the care and support they need during difficult and trying times, which is both humbling and fulfilling.

Personal and Professional Development

Finally, I am drawn to the field of sonography because it offers opportunities for personal and professional growth. As a lifelong learner, I appreciate that the field requires continuing education to stay up-to-date with developments in technology and best practices. Additionally, as I gain experience and expertise, I may have the opportunity to take on leadership roles or specialize in a particular area of sonography. I believe that this field will provide me with the opportunity to work in a challenging and rewarding role that allows me to make a difference in the lives of others while also fulfilling my own professional and personal goals.

As a pursuer of personal and professional development, I am deeply interested in the field of sonography. With this field, I have the potential to continuously learn and stay up-to-date with new technologies and techniques. As my career progresses, I can take on leadership roles or specialize in certain areas of sonography. I’m confident that this field will provide a fulfilling job that both helps others and caters to my individual goals.

Tips on Writing Essay “Why I Want to be a Sonographer”

To write a convincing why do you want to be a sonographer essay, it’s crucial to emphasize your reasons for choosing this profession. To make your essay stand out, focus on what excites you about the field and explain how it aligns with your goals and interests.

Also, don’t forget to mention any relevant experience or skills that make you a strong candidate. Demonstrating enthusiasm and passion for the field is vital to show your commitment to the profession. Ensure that your essay is well-organized, structured, descriptive, and engaging. To write an opinion essay on the topic, start with a clear and concise thesis statement, use specific examples and experiences to support your argument, address potential counterarguments, and use clear language that is easy for readers to understand.

Finally, conclude with a strong statement that summarizes your argument and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

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Harmony in Healthcare: Navigating the Art and Science of Ultrasound Technology

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Feasibility Testing of the Bionet Sonar Ultrasound Transcutaneous Energy Transmission (UTET) System for Wireless Power and Communication of a LVAD

• Original Article
• Published: 04 September 2024

Cite this article

• Gretel Monreal   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6576-738X 1   na1 ,
• Steven C. Koenig 1 , 2   na1 ,
• Amit Sangwan 3 ,
• Raffaele Guida 3 ,
• Jiapeng Huang 4 ,
• Emrecan Demirors 3 ,
• Tommaso Melodia 3 ,
• Jorge H. Jimenez 3 &
• Mark S. Slaughter 1  

To address the clinical need for totally implantable mechanical circulatory support devices, Bionet Sonar is developing a novel Ultrasonic Transcutaneous Energy Transmission (UTET) system that is designed to eliminate external power and/or data communication drivelines.

UTET systems were designed, fabricated, and pre-clinically tested using a non-clinical HeartWare HVAD in static and dynamic mock flow loop and acute animal models over a range of pump speeds (1800, 2400, 3000 RPM) and tissue analogue thicknesses (5, 10, 15 mm).

The prototypes demonstrated feasibility as evidenced by meeting/exceeding function, operation, and performance metrics with no system failures, including achieving receiver (harvested) power exceeding HVAD power requirements and data communication rates of 10kB/s and pump speed control (> 95% sensitivity and specificity) for all experimental test conditions, and within healthy tissue temperature range with no acute tissue damage.

During early-stage development and testing, engineering challenges for UTET size reduction and stable and safe operation were identified, with solutions and plans to address the limitations in future design iterations also presented.

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Progress on Wireless LVAD and Energy Sources for Mechanical Circulatory Systems

A Non-Radiative Wireless Power Transfer System for Medical Implant Deployment: An Experimental Validation

A Device for Low-frequency Ultrasound Therapy

Abbreviations.

• Left ventricular assist device
• Transcutaneous energy transmission system
• Mechanical circulatory support
• Ultrasonic wide band

Internet of medical things

Bionet Sonar’s UsWB transcutaneous energy and data transmission system

Direct current

Implantable controller

Field programmable gate array

External controller

External batteries

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Michele Gallo MD in the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery at the University of Louisville for surgical assistance and Karen Powell DVM, PhD and the staff of the Comparative Medicine Research Unit at the University of Louisville for animal support. The authors also thank Lauren Richey, DVM, PhD, DACVP at Tufts University for assistance with tissue pathology. This study was supported by a National Institutes of Health SBIR grant R43HL152767 (PI Jimenez, Co-Is Slaughter, Koenig, Monreal).

This study was supported by a National Institutes of Health SBIR grant R43HL152767 (PI Jimenez, Co-Is Slaughter, Koenig, Monreal). Drs. Sangwan, Guida, and Demirors are employees of Bionet Sonar. Drs. Jimenez, Demirors and Melodia are founders of Bionet Sonar and hold ownership interest in the company. Drs. Melodia and Demirors hold faculty positions at Northeastern University. Dr. Jimenez holds a research faculty position at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Drs. Monreal, Koenig, Huang, and Slaughter are investigators on a NIH grant (R44HL144214) with Inspired Therapeutics unrelated to this project. Drs. Monreal and Koenig are investigators on a Athey Science Education and Outreach Grant unrelated to this project. Drs. Monreal, Koenig, Huang, and Slaughter were investigators on a now-completed NIH grant R43HL149451 (Bionet Sonar) unrelated to this project. Drs. Monreal, Koenig, and Slaughter were investigators on now-completed NIH grants all unrelated to this project: R43HL142385 (MAST), R43HL152894 (MAST), R43HL142337 (Cor Habere), R43HL152774 (RT Cardiac Systems), R43HLI44214 (Inspired Therapeutics). Drs. Monreal, Koenig, Huang, and Slaughter were investigators on a now-completed subcontract with CoRISMA MCS Systems Inc, unrelated to this project. Drs. Monreal and Koenig were investigators on a now-completed NSF EPSCoR grant unrelated to this project. Dr. Koenig is an investigator on a NIH grant (R01HL150346) unrelated to this project. Dr. Koenig was an investigator on a now-completed NIH grant (R43NS115226, Bionet Sonar) unrelated to this project. Dr. Slaughter is a consultant with CoRISMA MCS Systems Inc and Magenta Medical and is on the advisory board of Medtronic. Dr. Slaughter is the Editor-in-Chief of ASAIO Journal. Dr. Monreal is supported in part by a gift from Robert M. Prizant to the Legacy Foundation of Kentuckiana. Dr. Huang has funding from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES030283), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (1U18TR003787-01), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL158779-01), the American Heart Association (23CSA1052735), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI172873-01), and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM155899-01) unrelated to this project. Dr. Huang is a consultant for GE Healthcare, Medtronic, and Mindray, which are unrelated to this project. Dr. Huang received research funding from Gilead Sciences, Mespere LifeSciences, GE Healthcare, and Potreo Medical, which are unrelated to this project.

Author information

Gretel Monreal and Steven C. Koenig these authors have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, 302 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd, room 411, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA

Gretel Monreal, Steven C. Koenig & Mark S. Slaughter

Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

Steven C. Koenig

Bionet Sonar Inc., Burlington, MA, USA

Amit Sangwan, Raffaele Guida, Emrecan Demirors, Tommaso Melodia & Jorge H. Jimenez

Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

Jiapeng Huang

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Contributions

All authors have met the ICMJE criteria for authorship, have read and approved the final manuscript, and have made the following contributions: Conceptualization: Monreal, Koenig, Slaughter, Melodia, Jimenez. Data curation: Monreal, Koenig, Sangwan, Guida, Huang, Demirors, Jimenez. Formal analysis: Monreal, Koenig, Sangwan, Guida, Huang, Demirors, Melodia, Jimenez. Funding acquisition: [Monreal, Koenig, Slaughter – subcontract], Melodia, Jimenez. Investigation: Monreal, Koenig, Sangwan, Guida, Huang, Demirors, Melodia, Jimenez, Slaughter. Methodology: Monreal, Koenig, Sangwan, Guida, Huang, Demirors, Melodia, Jimenez, Slaughter. Project admin: Melodia, Jimenez, Slaughter. Resources: Monreal, Koenig, Melodia, Jimenez, Slaughter. Software: Monreal, Koenig, Sangwan, Guida, Melodia, Jimenez. Supervision: [Slaughter – subcontract], Melodia. Validation: Monreal, Koenig, Sangwan, Guida, Huang, Jimenez. Visualization: Monreal, Koenig, Sangwan, Jimenez. Writing the original draft of manuscript: Monreal, Koenig. Reviewing & editing the manuscript: Monreal, Koenig, Sangwan, Guida, Huang, Demirors, Melodia, Jimenez, Slaughter.

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Correspondence to Gretel Monreal .

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Monreal, G., Koenig, S.C., Sangwan, A. et al. Feasibility Testing of the Bionet Sonar Ultrasound Transcutaneous Energy Transmission (UTET) System for Wireless Power and Communication of a LVAD. Cardiovasc Eng Tech (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13239-024-00748-9

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Received : 21 February 2024

Accepted : 20 August 2024

Published : 04 September 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s13239-024-00748-9

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